本次位移量=本次观测值－上次观测值 上升为“－”，下降为“＋”
7. 结束语
本次论文，主要是就清江水布垭水利枢纽工程导流洞出口高边坡变形监测展开论述。水平位移监测主要采用三边前方交会；垂直位移监测主要采用精密水准测量进行沉陷监测。最后得到了：高边坡垂直位移监测点，监测基点首次高程成果；高边坡变形监测网边长改正及垂直角计算成果；水布垭导流洞出口变形监测工作基点平面﹑高程控制成果表；水布垭导流洞出口变形监测点平面﹑高程成果表等。由于本人水平有限和收集到的资料不够多，论文中必定会存在一些缺点和不足，恳请各位老师和同学的批评和指正。
8. 致谢
此次论文，得到了华东水电工程咨询公司清江水布垭监理中心全体员工的大力支持，为此次论文的书写提供了许多重要的一手资料，并积极提供打印、复印等帮助；同时，此次论文还得到了同学和老师的关心和帮助，特别是郑平原老师的悉心指导。他为此次论文的书写提供了许多宝贵的建设性的意见。在次，我向他们表示衷心的感谢！
9. 参考文献
《测量学》（第三版） 测绘出版社 武汉测绘科技大学《测量学》编写组 《工程测量学》（修订版） 测绘出版社 李青乐 陈永奇 《控制测量学》（上下册） 武汉测绘科技大学出版社 孔祥元 梅是义
《全球定位系统（GPS）的原理与数据处理》 同济大学出版社 刘大杰 施一名 过静郡
《现代普通测量学》 清华出版社 王侬 过静郡 《国家一、二等水准测量规范》 《国家三角测量规范》 《中、短程光电测量规范》 《水利水电工程施工测量规范》
清江水布垭导流洞出口高边坡变形监测
[摘要]
论文主要是对清江水布垭水利枢纽工程导流洞出口高边坡变形监测展开论述。导流洞分布在大坝的左岸，主要是起到一种引水分流的作用，保证在汛期来临之前，大坝主体工程施工得以顺利的进行。论述过程中，主要围绕两个方面进行，即：平面控制网的建立和水平位移监测以及高程控制网的建立和垂直位移监测。
关键词：导流洞 高边坡 变形监测 水平位移 垂直位移
[abstract]
This paper discusses in length the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel lies on the left side of the dam. Its main task is to diverse the water so that the construction on the dam can be fulfilled successfully. On one hand, it tells us how to build the plane (two-dimensional) control network and how to conduct the horizontal displacement; on the other hand, it tells us how to set up the vertical control network and how to carry out the vertical displacement.
Keywords: diversion tunnel, high side-slope, deformation monitoring, Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement
前言
工程建筑物的变形观测，在我国还是一门比较年轻的科学，它随着我国建设
事业的发展而兴起的。众所周知，水电资源是一种清洁，高效能源，而我国又是水资源比较丰富的国家之一，水资源开发利用潜力很大。因此，为了能够利用这种宝贵的资源，自建国以来，我国兴建了大量的水电枢纽工程，如：湖北清江水利枢纽工程。由于各种因素的影响，在这些工程建筑物及其设备的运营过程当中，都会产生变形。这种变形在一定限度内，应认为是正常的现象，但是如果超过了规定的限度，就会影响建筑物的正常使用，严重时还会危及建筑物的安全，因此，在工程建筑物的施工和运营期间，必须对它们进行监视观测，即通常所说的变形监测。
Technique summary on the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel
1. Introduction to the diversion tunnel
The diversion tunnel and its related projects lies on the opposite side of the underground workplace, namely, the left bank of the Shuibuya Valley. Its natural slope is 255 meters high, consisting of soft rocks and hard rocks. The geological structure is so complicated. Specifically speaking, the slope contains two parts, with the above part hard and the below part soft; meanwhile, it also contains lots of fissures.
To protect the worker’s safety during the construction period, it is quite necessary to carry out the rigorous monitoring towards the high side-slope.
2.coordinate system
(1). Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System, 1954; (2). Wusong Altitude system, 1956; (3). Gauss projection 3° Zone; (4). Central Meridian 111°.
3.introdution to deformation of structures
3.1 When the structure is being constructed and in use, so many factors will cause five phenomena, such as: structure subsidence, structure displacement, structure oblique and structure fissure etc. These factors mainly include: the uneven geological component of the foundation, the difference of the physical attribute of the soil, the rigid deformation of the soil, the change in the underground water, the change of the atmospheric temperature, the self weight of the structure itself and the
effect of the dynamic weight (such as the wind, the vibration etc.) These phenomena generally called as deformation.
Deformation can be classified into two kinds according to the time, namely, long-period deformation and short-period deformation; it can also be classified into static deformation and dynamic deformation. 3.1.1 deformation observation and its characteristics 1. Deformation observation
The term “deformation observation” means such work that by using surveying tools or specific tools get the deformation result periodically that caused by structure weight and the outside factors. Through the deformation monitoring, we can check the stability of the structure and the geological components, timely find some unusual problems, guarantee the quality and the safety of the structure, get an insight into the mechanics of the deformation, test related theory of the structure design and the hypothesis of the movement of the crust, build the forecast deformation model and theory, and give a scientific and objective appraisal towards the attribute of some new structure, new material.
The deformation includes the inner observation and outer observation. The two kinds of observations are independent on one hand; on the other hand, both of them also rely on the other. So the two kinds of observations should go hand in hand so that they can verify and complement each other.
3.1.2 the characteristics of deformation observation Compared with the conventional survey, deformation observation has such the following characteristics:
(1)Require more rigorous precision; (2)Require more observations;
(3)Require more rigorous adjustment;
The basic methods for deformation observation
The methods for deformation observation can be classified into four categories:
No.1 conventional geodetic methods. such as: leveling, trigonometric leveling, trilateration, triangulations, traverse survey etc. The method has such the following advantages as: high precision, more flexible, suitable to different deformation body and working environment, but it also has some drawbacks. For example, it needs more tough work, not easy to carry out automatic and consecutive monitoring. No.2 photogrammetry. This method especially suitable to carry out dynamic deformation observation. However, it requires more fieldwork and has lower precision.
No.3 physical method. This method can easily be used to conduct automatic deformation observation consecutively and remote survey. It has relatively higher precision, covers relatively smaller range.
No.4 Space surveying technique. This method includes VLBI, GPS etc. This method is more advanced. We can conduct an observation of a larger scale range. It is the main tool to study the deformation of the crust and the subsidence of the crust and the subsidence of the earth ground. All in all, the specifical method for deformation observation is decided by such the following factors as the attribute of the structure, the usage information, the observation precision, the environmental factors and requirements towards the monitoring.
4.the setting-up of horizontal control network and the monitoring of the horizontal displacement
4.1 Type of horizontal displacement and deformation of structure
In order to obtain an insight into the measurement of large structure, a simplified explanation will be suffient. Genially, movements with respect to structures may be classified into three types:
1. Relative or differential movements within the structures, causing permanent and elastic deformations. The pattern of these movements depend entirely on the type of the type of structure and the outside factors that cause them. It is therefore not possible to make any specifications without additional data.
2. Absolute movements of the structure as a whole considered as d rigid body. They commence as soon as the foundations are laid. The weight steadily increasing till the construction is finished.
3. As a consequence of the absolute movements, movements in the regions adjacent to the structures may occur. They may be subdivided into permanent and elastic ones, and may be in lateral and vertical directions. The movements are usually relative rapid at the beginning and slow down as the construction proceeds.
Formerly, Geodetic methods were the only ways of testing relative movements in structures. They have lost some of their significance since physical methods have gained in importance. They are, however, still very useful in combination with the latter methods and have the advantage of giving immediate results. It’s for this reason that they are still employed, especially as control measurements for the behavior of dams.
The dimension of the movements depends largely on the slope and the building material of the structure, the purpose for which it is used, the uplift pressure form ground and the shear forces.
If it is desirable to check the behavior of a structure after its completion, provisions may be made during the construction for the location of the survey marks, shafts for plumb line devices, clinometers seats, theologize stations etc.
4.2 The setting-up of the horizontal control network