三、动词的时态及语态 I 时态 时态考查项目 1 过去完成时 2 现在完成进行时 3 将来完成时
4 一般现在时(用于表示客观事实/科学真理) 答题依据: 句中时间状语
主从句谓语动词的先后关系 语境
时态的呼应 (the sequence of tenses)
时态呼应是指从句中谓语动词的时态因受主句中谓语动词时态的影响而须采用一定的时态，从而达到两者在逻辑关系上的一致。 （一）主句谓语动词的时态为现在时或将来时， 从句谓语动词根据实际情况可用各种时态 She says she is a college student. she was a college student. she will be a college student. Has he told you when he is to leave for Beijing? Will you tell me when you finished the work? （二）主句谓语动词用过去时态
1 若从句谓语动词的动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生， 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时 She told me she was a teacher. He said he was studying English.
2 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，从句用过去完成时或过去完成进行时
She explained to me that she had made the mistake chiefly out of carelessness.
Betty said that she had been waiting for my call.
3 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后，从句用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。
He said that he would come back the next day.
She said that she would be setting off on the 10 o’clock train. He told them that he would have finished by six o’clock.
4 若从句谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但从句中有表示某一具体时间的状语，从句用一般过去时。 He told me that he was born in 1959.
My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917.
5 若从句说明的是客观事实或科学真理，现在依然成立，从句用一般现在时。 Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun.
（三）主、从句动作都是将来时，但在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，从句谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，主句仍用一般将来时。 I will be a teacher when I grow up. What shall we do if it snows? II语态
语态: 主动语态和被动语态
（一）被动语态考查项目: (1) 被动语态进行式 (2) 被动语态完成式 (3) 不定式被动式 需要注意: 主动变被动后加to
(二) 具有被动意义的主动结构(即不该用被动语态的情况) 1 在 “主语+谓语+宾语+过去分词(作宾补)”结构中 谓语动词为使役动词或感官动词 Eg. I had the machine repaired. I didn’t hear my name called. 2 在 “主系表”结构中 Eg. The flowers smell sweet. The food tastes nice. 3 在 “主语+vi. + (adj./adv.)”结构中
vi.有: open, shut, sell, wear, blow, work, move, lock, cook, wash, clean, read, write, draw,
make, burn, eat, blame, photograph, etc.
Eg. The goods sells well. The door blew open. The door can’t shut/lock. This material has worn thin. The food is ready to eat. This kind of rice cooks quickly. She doesn’t photograph well. Danish bacon and egg makes a good meal. The mother didn’t know who to blame for the broken glass. 4 sth. want/need to be done sb. want (sb.) to do sth. want/need doing sth. require doing
sth. be worth doing / be worthy to be done be worthy of sth. be worthy of doing Eg. The house needs/wants repairing. The book is worth reading. 四、主谓一致
主谓一致：谓语动词在人称和数上与主语一致 （一）主谓一致三原则 1 语法一致原则: 单主→单谓
复主→复谓
2 意义一致原则 (1) 单形主→复谓
Eg. The volleyball team are playing magnificently. The old are respected in China. (2)复形主→单谓
Eg. This works was built in 1982. Economics was taught by Prof. Li. Is the United States a big country? (3)同一词作主语时单v.时复v.
Eg. All possible means have been adopted. Every means has been tried. 3 吸引原则
①邻近原则: Neither…nor… Either… or… …or…
Not only…but also… There be 句型 Here引导的句子
Eg. Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. Here are some pieces of paper and a pen for you. ②与第一主语一致 主语后跟: (together) with… along with…
as well as… like/unlike… but/except… rather than… as much as… no less than… besides… including… in addition to… …not…
等引导的短语时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数定，即与第一主语一致。 Eg. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, is to be built here. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. The room with its furniture was rented. The teacher as well as the students was excited. I as well as you am a football fan. He no less than you is my friend. I rather than him am to blame. I, not you, am wrong. You, not I, are wrong. No one except my parents knows anything about it. （二）用单数谓语动词的情况
1 each/either/neither/复合不定代词做主语 Eg. Is there anything in the box? Neither is good. 2 整体看待的数目,时间,价值,重量…等复数n.做主语 Eg. Twenty minutes is not enough. Three feet is a yard. Fifteen dollars is the price. 999 is a large number. 3 不可数名词,动名词,不定式,从句做主语 (what从句根据句义定) What he said is correct. What he left me are but a few old books. 4 “单数名词+ and +单数名词”结构表示一种概念或事物 如何确定此结构表示一种概念或事物:
第二个名词前无冠词, 第一个名词前可有可没有冠词 Eg. The hammer and sickle was flying over the roof. A knife and fork was placed before every guest. The poet and writer is one of my friends. Butter and bread is usually eaten with smoked salmon. Truth and honesty is the best policy. The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor. To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness.