centre word “conference” with a modifier “another” is adopted to replace the term “a national conference on increasing revenue and reducing expenditures”. The version translated by substitution is in line with the English rule of conciseness, and the logic relationship is clear [11]28. These two examples, to some extent, are of the same kind. They use pronouns or general words to substitute the repeated part. The following examples show another kind of substitution.
(3) 加强职业教育基础能力建设 strengthen the basic conditions for
vocational education
(4) 加强人口和计划生育工作 improve work related to population
and family planning
(5) 加强青少年思想道德建设 cultivate ideals and ethics among
young people
(6) 加强公益性文化事业建设 promote development of basic public
benefit cultural programs
(7) 加强社会组织建设 increase efforts to improve civic organizations (8) 加强地方病、职业病、精神病防治 work harder to prevent and
treat endemic, occupational and mental disease
(9) 加强城乡公共体育设施建设 step up development of basic public
sports facilities in both urban and rural areas
(10) 加强国家安全工作 redouble our efforts to safeguard national
security
All the above examples have Chinese characters “加强” in it, but the English versions are totally different. Translators change words to avoid repetition and choose the right words for the collocation.
4.2 Subordination
While translating, using clause, participle phrases, or prepositional phrases to rearrange the Chinese parallel structure [3]27 is a very effective way to avoid Chinglish. The English sentence pattern of subordination would stress on the important part of the sentence, and it would be more close to the target readers.
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(11) 结合国有商业银行集中处理不良资产的改革，成立四家金融资
产管理公司，确定对符合条件的580户国有大中型企业实施债权转股权。
The four financial asset management companies, which were set up as part of the reform to dispose of bad assets of the state-owned commercial banks, selected 580 eligible large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises for their debt-to-equity reform.
The original sentence is composed by three parallel verbs which actually are not parallel in meaning. The first verb phrase is the way or method to finish the second one which is also a transition. Both of them are not the core of the sentence, while the third verb is. Therefore, the key part of this sentence lies in the last verb structure. The translated version turns those minor parts into a clause, which highlight the core of the sentence.
(12) 历时两年多的经济普查工作，进一步摸清了我国经济社会发展
的基本情况，查实了国内生产总值总量和三次产业的比重，更加全面、准确地反映了国情国力。
This census, which took over two years to complete, gives the clearest picture yet of the basic state of the nation’s economic and social development, and shows the true GDP and the true proportions of the economy accounted for by primary, secondary and tertiary industries, thus more closely and accurately reflecting China’s national conditions and strength.
There are three subordination constructions in this sentence, of which the first two are of coordination, and the third one is subordinate to them. As a result, the third Subordination construction translates by using a participle phrases in order to set off the former parts to show their importance.
(13) 面对严峻的国际经济环境，我们积极应对，趋利避害，变挑战
为机遇，开创了对外开放的新局面。
Despite the grim international economic environment, we have created a new situation in our opening up by responding positively, striving to
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seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, and turning challenges into opportunities.
The original Chinese sentence has several verbs coordinate, but the English version only has one predicate, using prepositional phrases to replace other verbs.
4.3 Deletion
In Chinese political texts, authors intend to use heavy modifiers to give a comprehensive description of a definition in order to make comments as accurately as possible. But sometimes they employ heavy modifiers, without substantive meaning, in order to achieve the effects of balance and rhyme [11]30. Thus, deletion of part of the original message is essential in dealing with repetitive and unnecessary modifiers which is in fact redundant. In view of the nature of external publicity and the psychology of target readers, omission of some original message is sometimes inevitable due to the different ways of thinking between the Chinese and English. It is necessary to alter or delete some original message when “faithful” translation of excessive modifiers, tautology and flowery expressions might result in an overloaded or distorted communication of the original intentions [13]24. For example:
(14) 西部大开发 western development (15) 各国的共同努力 multinational effort
(16) 严厉打击各种犯罪活动 to crack down on all kinds of crime (17) 坚决扫除各种社会丑恶现象 to eradicate various social evils (18) 实行弹性大、灵活性强、多样化的就业形式 to adopt elastic,
flexible, and diversified forms of employment (19) 扩大对外开放程度 to open further
(20) 正确处理改革发展稳定的关系 to balance reform, development
and stability
(21) 事实充分说明，过去五年是改革开放和全面建设小康社会取得
重大进展的五年，是社会生产力和综合国力显著增强的五年，是社会事业全面发展和人民得到更多实惠的五年，是我国国际地位和影响力不断提高的五年。
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All these improvements fully demonstrate that during the past five-year period great strides were made in carrying out reform and opening up and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. During this time the productive forces and overall national strength were significantly improved, social programs were comprehensively developed, people received even greater benefits and China’s national standing and influence constantly grew.
4.4 Explanation
As a result of the wide discrepancies in history, culture and language, many culture-specific expressions in Chinese have no direct correspondents in English. These vocabularies or phrases are usually slang and colloquialism with strong Chinese characteristics, like political terminologies which have been mentioned in the former part. It is not appropriate to translate such Chinese-flavoured expressions word by word into English. That is likely to make the rendering unintelligible. In the case like this, translators are required to “read between the lines to grasp both the explicit and implicit meaning of the texts firstly, but never read superficially, and then express them according to the norms of the target language [14]86”. Explanation commonly means to save the underlying meaning at the expense of the form [11]29 and is a very good way to solve the problem of lexical non-equivalence.
(22) 要坚持实行“米袋子”省长负责制和“菜篮子”市长负责制。
We will continue to implement the system of provincial governors assuming responsibility for the “rice bag” (grain supply) program and city mayors for the “vegetable basket” (non-staple food supply) program.
(23) “扫黄”、“打非”斗争不断深入
Our struggle against pornographic and illegal publications continuously deepened. (24) “两个确保”
the “two guarantee” (guaranteeing that the living allowances for workers laid off from state-owned enterprises and that the pensions
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of retirees are paid on time and in full) (25) 坚持以人为本，搞好“五个统筹”。
We need to continue to put people first, maintain the “five balances” (balancing urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, development of man and nature, and domestic development and opening wider to the outside world)
“米袋子”“菜篮子”“扫黄”“打非”are all culture-loaded words, and many target readers have no of sufficient background knowledge about them. Accordingly, the additional note or extra information could help a lot. Moreover, “两个确保”concisely summarizes the central government policy on social security. Though familiar to common Chinese people, it may be unknown to foreign readers. A literal translation means little to them. By way of explanation, the translator offers the target readers a much clearer picture. The abbreviation“五个统筹”stands for a comprehensive policy designed to set China on the track of harmonious development. Merely indicating that this policy encompasses five aspects without detailed accounts, this expression demands more than a mere literal translation. The explanation in the bracket helps to familiarize the target readers with the detailed content of this abbreviation [2]53.
Explanation is a very good way to solve the problem of information impediment. And it is useful in the government work report translation.
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