relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh other’s interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.35）When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind?s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)
36. Directions:
A. Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words. B. Your essay must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
C. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below: 1. Interpret the following pictures.
2. Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.
1997年英语试题答案
Part ⅠCloze Test
4. A 5. B 6. D
1. A
2. C 3. D 7. C 8.B 9. A 10. D
Part ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Passage 1
11. D 12. B Passage 2
15.D 16.A Passage 3 19.D 20.A Passage 4 23.C 24.D Passage 5 27.C 28.B
13.A 17.C 21.A 25.B 29.A
14. C 18.B 22.B 26.A 30.D
Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation
31.事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的，而这种共识并不存在。
32.有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权益交换的一部分。
33.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
34.这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
35.这种反应并不是错误，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应该遭到嘲笑。
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)
36.见分析
试题精解
Part ⅠCloze Test
一、
文章总体分析
本文介绍了美国临时劳动大军日益庞大这一现象及其影响。文章一、二段介绍了美国临时就业机构雇员数量庞大和美国劳务公司的蓬勃发展。第三段分析了临时劳动大军迅速发展造成的影响：一是使公司更具竞争性，减轻了负担。二是使工人失去了各种福利及归属感。
二、试题具体解析
1.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。
文章首句指出：拥有56万雇员的劳务公司（Manpower Inc）是全球最大的临时就业机构。紧接着，第二句又提到了每天早晨这些临时工人到美国各公司和工厂上班的情况。我们可以想象一下：56万工人每天早晨上班的情形一定是非常浩大的。所填入的词要能反映这一点，而且还必须与into somewhere相搭配。swarm可以与into相搭配，如：People swarmed into the cinema.（人们拥进电影院），它在文中也可以形象地描述众多临时工人如潮水般涌入上班地点的情景。因此，A选项为正确答案。
stride强调步幅大，如：He strode out of the house.（他大踏步地走出了房子），根据文意，这么多人同时进入办公地点不可能是“大步跨入”；separate可以和into搭配，但into后不能接地点，而且只能是separate sb./sth. into sth.，如：The children were separated into two groups.（孩子们被分成了两组）；slip也可与into连用，表示“溜进”，如：He slipped into the classroom from the backdoor.（他从后门溜进教室）。
2.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
文章第一段对两种企业进行了鲜明的对比：通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头靠减员而勉强支撑（struggle to survive），而人力资源公司却在蓬勃发展。显然，空格处应填入表对比关系的逻辑词。四个选项中A、B、D都是表原因的连接词，只有as除了表示原因之外，还可以表两个动作同时发生，意为“随着，当?的时候”之意，表轻微的对比，所以只能选C。
知识点补充：as，for，since和because 都可以表原因：as所表示的理由最弱，这种理由只是附带的说明，如：As you are tired, you had better rest.（既然你累了, 最好休息一下）。句子的重点在主句。for加原因状语从句时，一般放在句尾，仅对主句补充说明或进一步解释，表主观判断的原因。如：He felt no fear, for he was very brave.（他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧）。since表示一种既成事实，引导的从句常放在句首，一般译作“既然”，如：Since you’re not interested, I won’t tell you about it.（既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了）。because表示的原因语气最强，常用于回答以why引导的疑问句。如：I do it because I like it.（我做这件事是因为我喜欢）。
3.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：介词用法辨析。
本句提到，通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头为了生存而采取了减员的方式，显然，空格处需要一个表示方式、手段的介词。四个选项中，只有by表示方式、手段。by + doing结构表示通过某种行为（以达到某种目的），因此，答案为D。
知识点补充：survive也与from或in连用，但表示“在?中活下来，保存下来”，如：Some animals can survive in the desert on very little water. （一些动物只靠少量水就能在沙漠中生存下来）；Many strange customs have survived from earlier times.（有许多古怪的习俗自远古时代保存下来了）。
4.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
本句逗号前后是两个结构完整的分句，因此空格处需填入一个逻辑词。句中it 指代的是the US，两个分句的含义分别是：美国的经济继续复苏；美国的兼职者和临时工正在不断增加。根据逻辑，经济的恢复本来应该使更多人获得长期的就业机会，因此两个分句之间存
在着语意上的转折关系，由于空格在句首，因此需要填入一个表让步关系的逻辑词。选项中只有even though可以表让步，表示“虽然美国的经济还在继续复苏，却越来越成为一个兼职者和临时工的国家”。
例句补充：Now that I am well again, I can go on with my work.（我既然已经恢复了健康，那就可以继续工作了）；If only she had known where to find you.（要是她知道在哪儿能找到您就好了）；Provided that circumstances permit，I will go there.（假如情况允许的话，我就去）。
5.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。
句中this work force（劳动力）指的是上一句的part-timers and temporary workers，由上文可知，这些人干一天算一天（seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay），是临时的，经常变动的。四个选项中durable与文意相反；available形容人，指“可找得到的，可用的”，如：That man is not available for the job, he has other work（不能找那个人，他有其他工作），它虽然在意义上可以与work force搭配，但由于所填入的选项被加注了引号，从而具有特殊的意义，用“可以找到的”来形容庞大的兼职和临时劳动力大军意思上不恰当；transferable不能用做定语修饰人，因此，符合题意的只有disposable。用它来形容劳动力大军，暗示他们是廉价劳动力，“是即用即抛型的”。
6.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。
本题要求考生判断临时劳动力是当今美国经济最重要的什么。上文提到劳务公司拥有56万雇员，美国正日益成为兼职者和临时工的国家，由此可以推测出，这种“一次性”的劳动力已成为美国最重要的潮流或趋势。先排除approach和flow，approach根本不能用来描述劳动力；flow可用来描述人群，但多用于描述特定方向的流动，如：More and more farmers are flowing into the big city.（越来越多的农民涌入大城市），但它用在文中不合句意；fashion指“（一时或某一团体中流行的）时尚”，如：Her dress is the latest fashion.（她的晚礼服是最新式样），显然文中的临时劳动大军不应该是经济的式样或时尚；只有trend可以指正在发生或盛行的一种现象，如：The trend of prices is still downwards.（物价仍有下降趋势），因此，它是正确答案。
7.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配 + 副词词义辨析。 空格所在句子中it指代逗号前整个句子：“一次性”劳动大军成为美国经济中最重要的趋势，因此本题要求考生判断这种趋势的出现对人们与其工作之间的关系的影响是怎样的？从下文可知，由于“一次性”劳动力的出现，对于公司来说，可以不用承担劳动法规（employment rules）、医疗费用（healthcare costs）和养老金计划（pension plans）方面的负担而变得更有竞争力。而对于雇员来说，这就意味着不再享有保障和福利，也不再需要作为忠诚雇员的?。显然，这是人与工作的关系在根本上（fundamentally）发生变化，而不是立即（instantly）、逆转（reversely）或足够地（sufficiently）发生变化。fundamentally正好呼应了前面的the most important，表示这种“一次性”的劳动大军从根本上改变了人们与工作之间的关系。
8.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：连词的用法。
做该题时,考生需判断用什么词来连接空格前后两个部分。从结构上来看，空格前后是两种不同的形式：不定式to remain globally competitive与动名词avoiding market cycles。由于but和and前后一般连接相同形式的词、短语或句子，因此可首先排除这两个选项。whereas表转折，需要引导从句，无论从意义上还是结构上都不符合条件。while意为“在?的同时”，它既连接句子也可以连接现在分词，从语法和含义上都符合文章需要。整句话的含义是：这种现象既使公司在全球范围内保持竞争性，又可以避免市场的周期性和逐渐加重的负担。
知识点补充：while连接的从句中有时可省略一些成分，它可以直接连接现在分词、介词短语、名词、形容词。注意这时从句的主语和句子主语必须一致。如：While yet a youth, he
1996年年全真试题
Part ⅠCloze Test
Directions：
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)
Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.
They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .
Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.
8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well?balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.
1.［A］either ［B］so ［C］nor ［D］never 2.［A］shifting ［B］transferring ［C］altering ［D］transforming 3.［A］any ［B］some ［C］anything ［D］something 4.［A］serious ［B］apparent ［C］severe ［D］fatal 5.［A］mostly ［B］partially ［C］sometimes ［D］rarely 6.［A］in that ［B］so that ［C］such that ［D］except that 7.［A］undertakes ［B］holds ［C］plays ［D］performs 8.［A］Supplying ［B］Getting ［C］Providing ［D］Furnishing 9.［A］exceptional ［B］exceeding ［C］excess ［D］external 10.［A］nevertheless ［B］therefore ［C］moreover ［D］meanwhile
Part ⅡReading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)
Passage 1
Tight?lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”
Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.
You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.
Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.
This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.
11. What do the elders mean when they say, “It?s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”?
［A］ You?ll certainly get what you want. ［B］ It?s no use dreaming.
［C］ You should be dissatisfied with what you have. ［D］ It?s essential to set a goal for yourself.
12. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as . ［A］ an illustration of how to write an application for a job ［B］ an indication of how to secure a good job ［C］ a guideline for job description ［D］ a principle for job evaluation
13. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because .
［A］ that is the first step to please the employer ［B］ that is the requirement of the employer
［C］ it enables him to know when to sell his services ［D］ it forces him to become clearly aware of himself
14. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something . ［A］ definite to offer ［B］ imaginary to provide ［C］ practical to supply ［D］ desirable to present
Passage 2
With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation?s news coverage, as well as listen to it.
And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.
It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly?funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation?wide debate in Britain.
The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC?s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.
Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain?t broke, don?t fix it.” The BBC “ain?t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ?broke?, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?
Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels —— ITV and Channel 4 —— were required by the Thatcher Government?s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers?subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
15. The world famous BBC now faces . ［A］ the problem of news coverage ［B］ an uncertain prospect ［C］ inquiries by the general public ［D］ shrinkage of audience
16. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue? ［A］ Extension of its TV service to Far East.
［B］ Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate. ［C］ Potentials for further international co-operations. ［D］ Its existence as a broadcasting organization.
17. The BBC?s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for . ［A］ the financial support from the royal family. ［B］ the privileges granted by the Queen. ［C］ a contract with the Queen.
［D］ a unique relationship with the royal family.
18. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than . ［A］ the emergence of commercial TV channels.
［B］ the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government. ［C］ the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs. ［D］ the challenge of new satellite channels.
Passage 3
In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world?s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders? meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other?s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
19. It?s true of the old family firms that .
［A］ they were spoiled by the younger generations ［B］ they failed for lack of individual initiative
［C］ they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies ［D］ they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers 20. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in . ［A］ the separation of capital from management
［B］ the ownership of capital by managers
［C］ the emergence of capital and labour as two classes ［D］ the participation of shareholders in municipal business
21. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that . ［A］ the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
［B］ the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers ［C］ the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly ［D］ the trade unions seemed to play a positive role 22. The author is most critical of . ［A］ family firm owners ［B］ landowners ［C］ managers ［D］ shareholders
Passage 4
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America— breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country?s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”
A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process … The designer and the inventor … are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”
This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”
When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for
Passage 2
A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.
The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn?t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor?s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
15. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world ,. ［A］ rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
［B］ small-minded officials deserve a serious comment ［C］ Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors ［D］ most Americans are ready to offer help
16. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that . ［A］ culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship ［B］ courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated ［C］ various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
［D］ social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 17. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers .
［A］ to improve their hard life
［B］ in view of their long-distance travel ［C］ to add some flavor to their own daily life ［D］ out of a charitable impulse
18. The tradition of hospitality to strangers . ［A］ tends to be superficial and artificial
［B］ is generally well kept up in the United States ［C］ is always understood properly
［D］ has something to do with the busy tourist trails
Passage 3
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don?t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifestation”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.
19. “Substance abuse”(Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that . ［A］ substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used ［B］ “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drugtakers ［C］ alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
［D］ many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous 20. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean . ［A］ widespread ［B］ overwhelming ［C］ piercing ［D］ fashionable
21. Physical dependence on certain substances results from . ［A］ uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time ［B］ exclusive use of them for social purposes
［C］ quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases ［D］ careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms 22. From the last paragraph we can infer that . ［A］ stimulants function positively on the mind
［B］ hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
［C］ depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
［D］ the three types of psychoactive substances were commonly used in groups
Passage 4
No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.
At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company?s mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.
The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society, ”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won?t retreat in the face of any threats.”
Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society?s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited, ” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”
23. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for . ［A］ its raising of the corporate stock price ［B］ its self-examination of soul
［C］ its neglect of social responsibility ［D］ its emphasis on creative freedom
24. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? ［A］ Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner. ［B］ Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.
［C］ Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate. ［D］ Steve Ross is no longer alive
25. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman . ［A］ stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression ［B］ softened his tone and adopted some new policy ［C］ changed his attitude and yielded to objection
［D］ received more support from the 15-member board 26. The best title for this passage might be . ［A］ A Company under Fire ［B］ A Debate on Moral Decline ［C］ A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture ［D］ A Form of Creative Freedom
Passage 5
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America?s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.
Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America?s, have little productive slack. America?s capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.
Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little
defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
27. From the passage we learn that . ［A］ there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates ［B］ economy will always follow certain models ［C］ the economic situation is better than expected
［D］ economists had foreseen the present economic situation 28. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? ［A］ Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car. ［B］ An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation. ［C］ A high unemployment rate will result from inflation. ［D］ Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
29. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that . ［A］ the low inflation rate will last for some time ［B］ the inflation rate will soon rise ［C］ the inflation will disappear quickly ［D］ there is no inflation at present
30. The passage shows that the author isthe present situation . ［A］ critical of ［B］ puzzled by ［C］ disappointed at ［D］ amazed at
Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 31）Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.32）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says “ I don?t like this contract”?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.33）It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it.34）Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every
［B］ a notion of the creation of religion ［B］关于宗教产生的一个理论 ［C］ the scientific explanation of the earth ［C］地球形成的科学解释 formation
［D］ the deceptive theory about the origin of ［D］关于宇宙起源的虚假理论 the universe
［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。
第一段前三句提到，关于creationism和evolution之争的书都试图说明，就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。由此推出，creationism至少应该是这样的的一种理论，虽然它可能不成立。接着该段末句将creationism描写为拙劣的科学、拙劣的宗教。到了第二段第四句更是指出“对那些不了解creationists惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会让他们感到气愤和吃惊”。根据这些线索，可以判断出creationism是一种虚假理论，D选项正确。
第一段中作者将creationism与evolution对立而论。而A选项将两者等同。既然creationism是拙劣的科学，又怎能够科学地解释地球的形成呢？由此排除C选项。第一段第五句只提到creationism基于宗教而产生，B选项属无中生有。
技巧：不管所考的词语有多超纲，都能够通过上下文得出其意思。
补充：Creationism（创世论）是一种反对进化论的学说，认为万物皆由上帝创造，不能演化和发展。该学说是根据《圣经》“创世纪”篇的内容总结出来的关于宇宙起源的理论。
28.Kitcher’s book is intended to . 28.金切尔一书的目的是 。 ［A］ recommend the views of the evolutionists ［A］推崇进化论的观点 ［B］ expose the true features of creationists ［B］揭示创世论者的真实面目 ［C］ curse bitterly at his opponents ［C］狠狠地咒骂了他的对手 ［D］ launch a surprise attack on creationists ［D］对创世论者进行突然袭击
［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。
文章第二段提到，该书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论，在适当的地方，作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。在此书的后三章，他毫不手软，对创世论者进行猛烈的抨击（a good beating）。他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段，使人们看到他们的欺骗和对事实的扭曲。以上都说明此书的目的并不是A选项，而是B选项。
作者对创世论进行批评，但同时也提供被批评者的回应。全书给人的印象是它是理智的代表，毫无漫骂之嫌，因此C选项错在curse一词。D选项是将该段第四句中的an unpleasant surprise解释为a surprise attack，所述对象发生了偏差。原文指不熟悉创世论的人对创世论者欺骗和歪曲事实的程度感到吃惊，而D选项中得到surprise的是创世论者。
技巧：正确选项是对整个第二段内容的综合概括，干扰项要么只是部分信息，要么是对原文内容的曲解。
29.From the passage we can infer that . 29.从文章中，可以推出 。
［A］ reasoning has played a decisive role in ［A］在这场争论中，推理起了决定性作用 the debate
［B］ creationists do not base their argument ［B］创世论者的论点不是建立在理性基础上on reasoning 的
［C］ evolutionary theory is too difficult for ［C］对非专业人士而言，进化论太难
non-specialists
［D］ creationism is supported by scientific ［D］科学发现支持了创世论 findings
［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。
文章最后一句是带有倒装结构表虚拟语气的句子，其正常的语序是all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate。该句指出，如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的惟一裁判者，问题就容易解决。句子的虚拟语气则表明，creationism 并未讲理性，理性尚未在争论中起决定性作用。由此排除A选项，得出B选项正确。此外，从第二段可知金切尔是站在进化论一边，反对创世论的。而文章倒数第二句指出，他的这本书代表了理性本身。由此可推论，他批判的对象creationists 不代表理性，也可得出B选项正确。
C选项与最后一段第二句指出的“（通过此书）非专业的读者起码可以了解支持进化论的数据和观点”不符，应排除。D选项与原文提到的“创世论是拙劣的科学”（第一段最后一句）相悖。此外，D选项对creationism进行肯定，与全文基调相反。
30.This passage appears to be a digest of . 30.这篇文章是属于哪种类型文章的摘要? ［A］ a book review ［A］书评 ［B］ a scientific paper ［B］科学论文 ［C］ a magazine feature ［C］杂志特写 ［D］ a newspaper editorial ［D］报纸社论
［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：引申推理题（文章类型）。
文章首段提到20本关于创世论与进化论之争的书，然后在第二段和第三段专门介绍金切尔著作的结构内容和突出特点，最后引用斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德的话对此书做出高度评价，显然这是一篇典型的书评。
技巧：通过这篇文章，考生应该熟悉英语书评的写作特点：一般会先给出背景知识，接着介绍该书的主要内容，最后对所介绍的书籍做出一个总体评价。
三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析：
①The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.
该句的主干是The goal will be to try to explain...，explain后接的是双宾语，即explain to sb. sth.，直接宾语是that引导的从句。该从句的主干是there are not two theories for...，其中origin和evolution，universe和life都是and连接的并列名词。
②“scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.
该句的主干是：“scientific” creationism ? is based on religion, not science，而主谓之间是which引导的非限定性定语从句对creationism进一步说明，该定语从句为被动语态，在这个从句中还有一个whenever引导的时间状语从句，该从句也为被动语态。
③On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason
itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism / evolution debate.
第一句比较简单，是一个直接引语。第二句的前半句And so it does，表示对前面别人讲的情况表示有同感。如：“That’s Tom, look!” “So it is!”（“ 瞧，那不是汤姆吗？”“就是他！”）后半句为虚拟语气，主句是all would be well。由于从句省略了if，必须进行倒装。正常语序是and all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism / evolution debate。
知识点补充：stand for意为“代表，代替”，如：In many cultures, white stands for purity.（在很多文化中，白色代表了纯洁）。
佳句赏析：
①In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. take off one’s gloves and give sb. a good beating的字面意思是“脱下手套，狠狠地揍某人一顿”，是从拳击运动发展过来的一个短语，用在这里生动地描述作者在抨击创造论者时毫不手软的态度。我们可以仿造类似的句子，如：At the beginning of the debate, he just expressed his ideas calmly. But later, he took off his gloves and criticized his opponents’ idea violently. （辩论开始时，他平静地表达自己的观点。但是后来，他话锋犀利起来，开始强烈地抨击对手的观点）。
四、核心词汇与超纲词汇
（1） account（n.）报告，叙述，by/from all ～s 据说，根据报道；give a good/poor etc～ of oneself 表现好/不好；账目，账单；账户，户头
（2） citizenry（n.）（总称）老百姓，公民，市民
（3） cosmology（n.）宇宙论，宇宙哲学；cosmic（a.）宇宙的 （4） dust jacket（n.）（精装书的）护封，包在书外起保护和装饰作用的纸封面；jacket （n.）上衣，夹克；（锅炉、管等的）保温套；（发动机的）冷却套；（精装书的）护封；（马铃薯的）皮
（5） motivation（n.）动力，诱因，刺激，提供动机；motive （n.）动机，目的
（6） non-fundamentalist（n.）非原教旨主义者；fundamentalist（n.）原教旨主义者；fundamental（a.）基础的，基本的；（n.）（多用pl.）基本原则，基本原理，基本部分
（7） non-specialist（n.）非专家；specialist（n.）专家；specialize （v.）专攻，专门研究，专业化，～ in
（8） notion（n.）概念，想法，意念，看法，观点 （9） pipeline（n.）供应线，管道，管线
（10） unenlightened（a.）未受启蒙的，愚昧无知的，落后的；enlightened （a.）开明的，有知识的，文明的；enlightening（a.）有启迪作用的；enlightenment（n.）
五、全文翻译
有传言说，有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版，其中有几本已经面世。出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。(长难句①)对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基
于宗教，而非科学的。（长难句②）实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。
金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。在适当的地方，作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。（佳句）他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段，对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。
金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上，斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德这样写道：“本书代表了理性”。的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准，一切问题就已解决了。（长难句③）
Part ⅢEnglish—Chinese Translation
一、试题总体分析
本文从探究科研领域发展原因入手，指出存在一种令人担忧的趋势：权威机构（政府）对科研的投资流向改变了科学领域的发展模式，干涉了学科的发展。接着作者进一步指出，在多个没有直接效用的科研项目中决定投资给谁是很困难的，不能光看其科学体系是否完美，因为完美的标准是不断变化的。
1996年的英译汉部分文章篇幅较短，试题难度适中，文章题材虽是关于科研领域的发展，但内容只停留在笼统的介绍上，不属特别具有专业性的话题。从能力上，它主要测试了考生理解书面材料的准确性和吸收信息后汉语的表述能力。从翻译技能上，考查的重点开始从词汇转向句子结构，考查了分词结构和并列结构的翻译、同位语从句的翻译、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法、定语修饰成分和状语的位置及省略句的译法。考生在翻译时，注意不能只看划线部分，要特别注意上下文的衔接和指代关系。
二、试题具体解析
31.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：分词结构和并列结构的翻译。
该句由两个简单句组成，包含some...others这个并列结构。这些诸如not only...but also, either...or...等等的并列结构都有固定的译法，而且，由于并列句子的结构相似，经常可以互相参照理解，如本句中由some of these causes可知others指的是other causes；consequences的意思也和results基本相同。第二个简单句中，介宾短语in science being to some extent self-accelerating修饰advances，其中分词结构being self-accelerating为现在分词做定语，修饰particular advances in science，而不仅仅是science，翻译时把原来的分词结构动词化处理，译成“科学上某些特定发展自我加速”。
词汇： to some extent是固定词组，意为“在一定程度上”；completely reasonable（results）可直译为“完全合理的”，亦可意译为“自然而然的”或“纯属”。
译文：在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求；另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。
32.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：同位语从句的翻译、非限定性定语从句的翻译和被动句的译法。
该句的主干是This trend began during the Second World War, when?，其中when引导的不是一个时间状语从句，而是先行词为the Second World War的非限定性定语从句。有考生误译成“当几个政府得出?结论时，这导致了二战的爆发”，是没有通读全文和分析句子结构的结果。由于非限定的定语从句与先行词联系不紧密，翻译时一般可以另外成句，译为“这时”或“当时”。conclusion后接的是同位语从句，汉语中表示同位的有“即”、“这个”、“这”这样的词，或冒号、破折号这样的标点。从句的主干为：the demands...cannot...be foreseen...，是一被动语态，但是注意不要译成被字句；demands后跟that引导的定语从句a government...establishment。
词汇：许多考生把scientific establishment译成“科学基地”，这是对establishment一词掌握不好的缘故，应该是“科研机构”。Make demands of 指“对?提出要求”，of表示对象。
译文：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
33.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：this代词指代、定语修饰成分和状语的位置。 这是一个简单句。句子的主干是This seems...done by...。主语this实际上是指前文的problem。根据汉语的搭配习惯，done 在句中应指问题的“解决”，mostly effectively对它进行修饰；research 后接的related to...和of possible...是两个由but连接的并列的修饰语，可以译成前置定语，但是在某些情况下（如定语太长）根据汉语习惯亦可用“这”或“这些科研”代替research，而把定语单独成句。by +V-ing结构在这里是表示方式：“通过?”，做状语，在中文翻译时一般前置。
词汇：“of+名词”表示事物的性质，of possible consequences意为“可能有作用的” 译文：给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持，看来能够有效地解决这个问题。
34.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义的选择。
句子的主干是：the world is so made that...；that引导结果状语从句，be made意为“构成”，主干的意思是“世界就是这样创建的，以至?”。
词汇：elegant 和下面第5题中的elegance都与systems，thought，subjects有关，显然不能译成“优雅的”，这里elegant systems应该译为“完美的体系”。此外亦可从作者的口气推断，它是想说一种表面上看起来很好的理论实际上却无法解决世界上的某些问题；aspects的意思是指“世界的各个方面，种种问题”；in principle意为“原则上来说，一般而言”；deal with意为“处理，解决”。
译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
35.［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：省略句的译法、as well as和must的译法。 这个句子的主干是New forms...as well as new subjects...must arise...，句中as they have不完整，是个省略句，可以依照前文相对应的主谓结构补全，此处可以补成as they have arisen，它在句中做方式状语从句。they 指代复数名词，应该是指句子的主语new forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought。giving rise to new standards of elegance与主句分开，是现在分词做结果状语。
词汇：注意主句中的must 不能译成“必须”，它表示推测；由于as they have in the past指“同过去一样出现”，must在这里的意思是“必然，必定”。arise指“出现，兴起”；give rise to意为“引起，导致”。
译文：同过去一样，将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
三、参考译文
科学研究的各个领域相对发展速度各不相同，其中有若干原因。（31）在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求；另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。然而，有些产生发展速度差异的原因就不尽合理，仅是因为某些权威人士对科学理论究竟应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法，这些想法改变了不同学科领域的发展模式。这是一个新问题，虽然可以避免，但其趋势却令人担忧。（32）这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而，可以预见的是，往往会出现一些问题，要求有具体科学的解答。因此，把科研机构看作一种资源或一台机器，应维持其良好的运行状态，这种做法通常很有价值。（33）给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持，看来能够有效地解决这个问题。
与所有资助项目一样，这种资助需要确定合适的资金接受对象。根据某一项目是否具有效用做出决策直接明了。但是在若干没有直接效用的项目中，要做出抉择就困难得多。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的学科，而不资助“坏”的学科，这一点值得赞扬，然而要做出正确的抉择却很困难。人们往往将好学科与该学科是否能够提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。（34）然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。（35）同过去一样，将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
Section Ⅳ Writing
一、审题与谋篇
本文命题形式为提纲式控制性写作，提纲有三点要求：健康的重要性；保持健康身体的方法；我自己的实践。并给出了起始句The desire for good health is universal。
文章内容以健康为中心，而且从提纲也可看出，本文首段重在议论，后两段重在说明，整体为议论和说明相结合。根据提纲所示，本文分三段展开。第一段，突出健康的重要性。第二段，说明保持身体健康的途径，可用列举的方法进行说明，必要时稍加展开。第三段，描述自己的切身经历。但应注意，第三段的自身做法应呼应第二段的举例，这样文章结构会比较严谨。
二、参考范文
GOOD HEALTH
The desire for good health is universal. Wherever you are and whatever you do，staying healthy precedes a successful career and a happy life. People with good health can do work with full energy and confidence and their progress in turn contributes to their health and happiness. On the contrary, a sick one usually lacks the vigor and interest to fulfill his or her role in life, which deprives him or her of many opportunities to become successful and happy.
Realizing the importance of good health is far from being enough. We must do something effective to keep fit. The best place to begin is at the dinner table. Eating less junk food and having a balanced diet is the first step for most people. The next step is to exercise regularly. Vigorous exercise can benefit not only the muscles but also the organs. Last but not the least, don’t damage the body with drugs，including cigarettes and too much alcohol.
As far as I am is concerned，I am neither indulged in food nor in such harmful substances as
cigarettes or alcohol. Moreover, doing exercises is part of my routine life. Therefore, I am in good shape and always energetic.
三、范文点评
文章结构： 从结构上看，该范文按照提纲要求，分为三段论述。第一段采用了先总后分的写作方法，段首为题目中给出的主题句，接下来用正反对比的写法进行论证，使人印象深刻。第二段段首也是主题句，并用The best place to begin、The next step、和Last but not the least分别引导对保持身体健康提出的三点建议，段落内部层次分明。第三段采用先分后总的写作方法，呼应上段的建议，谈了自己的实际情况，并在段尾进行了总结。
语言亮点：
1. universal：普遍的。例如：It is a universally accepted idea that ?（?是一个普遍接受的观点）。
2. precede：在?之前。可代替的表达有：is the basis of或is the foundation of。 3. in turn：反过来。类似用法的词还有consequently（因而）。 4. On the contrary：“与此相反”，类似表示对照的短语有：unlike, in contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, by contrast等。
5. deprive sb. of sth.：剥夺某人某物（或某种权利）。例如：Many children are deprived of their rights to receive education because of poverty.（很多孩子由于贫穷而被剥夺了受教育的权利）。
6. is far from：原不?，远非?。例如：The present situation is far from being satisfying.（目前的情况远非令人满意）。
7. junk food：“垃圾食品”（指一些没有营养的食物）。考生注意收集有关食物的词汇，如：take out（外卖）, fast food（快餐）
8. a balanced diet：一个均衡的饮食。
9. Last but not the least：最后一点，但并不是最不重要的一点。 10. As far as I am is concerned：“至于我自己”，as far as ? be concerned谈到?，至于?。用于提起话题。
11. indulge：be indulged in ?沉湎于?。
12. routine life：日常生活。routine为regular的近义词。
四、写作误区
篇章结构误区：
考生需要避免的第一个写作误区是跑题。本题在第三段中，跑题现象较为明显，本段要求考生谈谈自己的做法，但有的考生对practices产生误解，把它当作“实践（与理论相对应）”，而写成“实践是很重要的”或“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，结果跑题了。还有的考生在谋篇上不够周全，将第一段写得过于庞大，而末段又过于简短，造成文章整体比例失调，头重脚轻，因此丢分。也有的同学将第二段写得过于详尽，举例过细，重在描写刻画，而非说明，也是误解本题初衷的表现。
语言表达错误： ①词义冗余：
In my opinion, I think a good diet is the most important thing. (In my opinion / I think a good
diet is the most important thing.)
②词义错误：
Practice is very important to health. (Exercise is very important to health.) ③句子结构混乱：
So careful the health, not just think medicine can care for all the illness.（So pay attention to your health, and do not just think medicine can cure all the illness.）
④累赘：
Eating no food shouldn’t be considered as the only way to solve the problem of keeping health.（Eating little is not the only way to keep health.）
⑤句子结构不平行：
We should try our best to keep healthy by taking exercises and don’t eat too much or too little.（We should try our best to keep healthy by taking exercises and having a balanced diet.）
⑥不间断句子：
People’s living standard improved, more and more people began to worry about their health. （As people’s living standard improved, more and more people began to care about their health.）
⑦残句：
I think, to have both physical and mental health to succeed in the competitive society.（Both physical and mental health are the key to success in the competitive society.）
1997年全真试题
Part ⅠCloze Test
Directions：
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)
Manpower Inc., with 560 000 workers, is the world?s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 1 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day?s work for a day?s pay.
One day at a time. 2 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 3 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 4 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and temporary workers. This “ 5 ” work force is the most important 6 in American business today, and it is 7 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 9 by employment rules, health care costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee.
1.［A］ swarm ［B］ stride ［C］ separate ［D］ slip 2.［A］ For ［B］ Because ［C］ As ［D］ Since 3.［A］ from ［B］ in ［C］ on ［D］ by 4.［A］ Even though ［B］ Now that ［C］ If only ［D］ Provided that 5.［A］ durable ［B］ disposable ［C］ available ［D］ transferable 6.［A］ approach ［B］ flow ［C］ fashion ［D］ trend 7.［A］ instantly ［B］ reversely ［C］ fundamentally ［D］ sufficiently 8.［A］ but ［B］ while ［C］ and ［D］ whereas 9.［A］ imposed ［B］ restricted ［C］ illustrated ［D］ confined 10.［A］ excitement ［B］ conviction ［C］ enthusiasm ［D］ importance
Part ⅡReading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)
Passage 1
It was 3: 45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and
final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia?s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I?m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I?d go, because I?ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, ” he says.
11. From the second paragraph we learn that . ［A］ the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries ［B］ physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
［C］ changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law ［D］ it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage
12. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means . ［A］ observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia ［B］ similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries ［C］ observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
［D］ the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop 13. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will . ［A］ face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia ［B］ experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient ［C］ have an intense fear of terrible suffering ［D］ undergo a cooling off period of seven days
14. The author?s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of . ［A］ opposition ［B］ suspicion ［C］ approval ［D］ indifference