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planning, studied eight urban areas, including greater Pittsburgh, for three to four years to test theories that dictate where people bye and how they decide what is safe.
While raw statistics supported the commonly held theory that the risk of dying by homicide is higher in cities than in rural areas, when Lucy factored in fatal traffic accidents, the statistics showed that life was actually more dangerous for rural residents. There, “people drive father and faster and on narrow and curvy roads,” Lucy said last week. “Many people kill themselves in single vehicle traffic accidents.”
Lucy said he was inspired to do the study by his dislike of sprawl. “We would like to see cities and suburbs revived,” Lucy said in a phone interview front Charlottesville, Va. “I am interested in questions about what influences where people live. They leave places that they view as unsafe and move to places that they consider to be safe.”
Lucy gathered statistics from Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Milwaukee, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Philadelphia and the suburbs and continues surrounding them. In total, he compared 68 counties and cities. Lucy found that Fayette County was 14th most dangerous, based on traffic fatalities and homicides by strangers. Butler County placed 27th, Westmoreland County was 33rd, Beaver arid Pittsburgh tied for 46th and Allegheny County, excluding Pittsburgh, was 64th, one of the safest.
Contrary to commonly held assumptions, Lucy said, the statistics show that persons who live far out in suburbia or in low-density rural areas actually have a higher risk of dying a violent death一defined as a fatal car crash or homicide by someone other than a spouse, relative or friend一than persons who live in a city. Professor Alfred Blumstein, a criminologist at Carnegie Mellon University, called the study “intriguing” but said it did not convince him that urban residents should feel safer than those in rural areas. “In general, homicide rates are higher in the city than the suburbs and the suburbs are higher than rural areas,” he said.
From 1997 to 1999，Lucy found, the city of Pittsburgh's homicide rate was 1. 3 per 10,000 persons, compared with 0.3 per 10,000 persons in Beaver and Fayette counties and 0.2 in Washington, Westmoreland, Butler and the rest of Allegheny County. Lucy then refined the numbers to isolate the homicides that were committed by persons who didn't know the victims. For the same time period, Lucy evaluated the risk of dying in a fatal car crash-which he found was 2 per 10,000 persons in Fayette County, 1.4 per 10,000 in Butler, 1.2 in Washington and Westmoreland and 1 in Beaver. In Allegheny County outside Pittsburgh, the risk was 0.6 per 10,000; Pittsburgh's rate was 0.7 per 10,000 persons.
In each metropolitan area that he studied, Lucy found that the safest counties were those that bordered or rimmed the central city-Baltimore County, Cook County in Chicago, Delaware and Montgomery counties bordering Philadelphia and Allegheny County surrounding Pittsburgh. His study supports the premise that people tend to overestimate the risks of crime while underestimating the risks of driving. Four years ago, the Post Gazette came to a similar conclusion in a study that found that residents of Fayette and Greene counties were more than twice as likely to die a violent death as residents of Allegheny County. That study was based on an analysis of nearly 25,000 deaths in Pennsylvania during a 10-year period. It found that the single factor that increased the chance of violent deaths was cars.
No place is perfectly safe, but some places are more dangerous than others. Whether we live on a flood plain or in \at night, we all co-exist uneasily with natural and man-made hazards. As Mark Monmonier
shows in his entertaining and immensely informative book Cartographies of Danger; Mapping Hazards in America, maps can tell us a lot about where we can anticipate certain hazards, but they can also be dangerously misleading. California, for example, takes earthquakes seriously, with a comprehensive program of seismic mapping, whereas Washington has been comparatively lax about earthquakes in Puget Sound. But as the Northridge earthquake in January 1994 demonstrated all too clearly to Californians, even reliable seismic hazard maps can deceive anyone who misinterprets \fault-lines\as the only places vulnerable to earthquakes.
I) Important as it is to predict and prepare far catastrophic natural hazards, more subtle and
persistent phenomena such as pollution and crime also pose serious dangers that we have to cope with on a daily basis. Hazard-zone maps highlight these more insidious hazards and raise awareness about them among planners, local officials，and the public. With the help of many maps illustrating examples from all corners of the United States, Monmonier demonstrates how hazard mapping reflects not just scientific understanding of hazards but also perceptions of risk and how risk can be reduced. Whether you bye on a fault line or a coastline, near a toxic waste dump or an EMF-generating power line, you ignore this book's plain language advice on geographic hazards and how to avoid them at your own peril. “No one should buy a home，rent an apartment, or even drink the local water without having read this fascinating cartographic alert on the dangers that lurk in our everyday lives. . . Who has not asked where it is safe to live? Cartographies of Danger provide the answer.” 注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
46. In terms of traffic fatalities and homicides by strangers, Westmoreland County was ranked the 33rd most dangerous.
47. Professor Alfred Blumstein believes Homicide rates are higher in the city than rural areas.
48. The Post-Gazette concluded that cars were the single factor that increased the chance of violent deaths four years ago.
49. California was vulnerable to earthquakes.
50. According to H. J. de B1ij, Cartographies of Danger provides the answer for those who want to know where it is safe to live.
51. The commonly held theory is that the risk of dying by homicide is higher in cities than in rural areas.
52. Usually people like to live in the places which they consider to be safe.
53. Hazard-zone maps are used to highlight these more insidious hazards and raise awareness about them.
54. William H. Lucy, a University of Virginia professor, is an expert in the research of urban and environmental planning.
55. Many people kill themselves in single vehicle traffic accidents because they drive faster on narrow and curvy roads. Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a Bangle line through the centre. Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
The term “culture shock” has already begun to creep into the popular vocabulary. Culture shock is the effect that immersion in strange culture has on the unprepared visitor. Culture shock is what happens when traveler suddenly finds himself in a place where yes may mean no, where a “fixed price” is negotiable, where to be kept waiting in an outer office is no cause for insult, and where laughter may signify anger. It is what happens when the Familiar psychological cues that help an individual to function in society are suddenly withdrawn and replaced by new ones that are strange or incomprehensible.
The culture shock phenomenon accounts for much of the bewilderment, frustration, and disorientation that plague Americans in their dealings with other societies. It causes a breakdown in communication, an inability to cope. Yet culture shock is relatively mild in comparison with the much more serious malady (弊病). Future shock is the dizzying disorientation brought on by the premature arrival of the future. It may well be the most important disease of tomorrow.
Take an individual out of his own culture and set him down suddenly in an environment sharply different from his own, with a different set of cues to react to-different conceptions of time, space, work, love, religion, sex, and everything else then cut him off from any hope of retreat to a more familiar social landscape, and the dislocation he suffers is doubly severe. Moreover, if this new culture is itself in constant turmoil (混乱)，and if-worse yet-its values are incessantly changing, the sense of disorientation will be still further intensified. Given few cues as to what kind of behavior is rational under the radically new circumstances, the victim may well become a hazard to himself and others.
Now imagine not merely an individual but an entire society, an entire generation-including its weakest, least intelligent, and most irrational members-suddenly transported into this new world. The result is mass disorientation, future shock on a grand scale.
This is the prospect that man now faces. Change is avalanching (纷至沓来) upon our heads and most people are absurdly unprepared to cope with it. 注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
56. We learn from the passage that culture shock occurs . A) where one can conduct negotiations for goods of faced prices
B) where people express ideas and emotions contrary to what they intend to express C) when value standards ace so different that one is unable to make his own judgment D) when one Loses all hope of returning to his home environment
57. One thing that is in common between” culture shock\ . A) constant turmoil of the new culture itself B) absence of a popular vocabulary C) constant and radical changes
D) bewilderment and frustration of the victims
58. According to the author, what’s the main damage caused by the future shock? A) The confusion of the whole society.
B) Some irrational people becoming hazards to society. C) The puzzlement of the weakest members in society. D) The frustration of the least intelligent persons in society.
59. It seems that one good measure to prevent future shock is for people to _. A) cherish more hope for the future
B) replace conventional ideas with modem ones
C) try to understand what is happening and prepare for the changes D) take a closer look at how people in other cultures behave 60. This passage was probably written to__·
A) warn people of today against what may happen tomorrow B) prepare travelers for the unfamiliar environments
C) help psychologists understand certain irrational behavior better
D) enable sociologists to predict more accurately what will happen to mankind Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are hosed on the following passage.
There's a massive confusion at the core of American politics. Against all evidence, everyone expects government to guarantee economic growth and higher living standards. It can't. Even the New Deal failed to pull the nation out of the Depression. World War II did that by increasing factory production. But the expectation of government as an economic miracle worker is deeply rooted, and politicians try to satisfy it. For the past three decades, presidents have used the language of economics to justify deficits and,. in the process，reward their supporters. In the 1960s President Kennedy and Johnson used Keynesian economics to justify tax cuts and spending programs. But the 1980s Ronald Reagan presented “supply side” economics as an excuse for tax cute.
Clinton's \Surface, the idea seems appealing (as did all the others).Government should build more roads, support new technologies and, through tax stimulations, spur the proper kinds of private investments in high-growth and high-wage industries. All these \will improve the economy's long-term growth and raise living standards.
This charming vision is at odds with reality. Of course, government has long influenced the economy for good and ill. In 1860, the Homestead Act promoted transcontinental settlement; in 1965, the Interstate Highway Act cut transportation costs. But the basic truth about a free-market economy (as Clinton actually agreed in a cancelled line in his speech) is simple，it performs as well-or as poorly-as millions of individuals workers and companies. 注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。 61. What is the main topic of the passage?
A) The need for new economic acts to stimulate the economy of the U. 5. A.
B) The development of American government policy-making on the economic issue. C) The public misconception of government's function in economy. D) Clinton as a postwar generation leader.
62. The word “spur” used in paragraph 2, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to “ _”. A) stimulate B) cease C) challenge D) undertake 63. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about Clinton's theory? A) Clinton's theory will guarantee economic growth and higher living standards. B) Clinton's theory will improve the productivity of American factories.
C) Clinton's theory is totally different from the economic theories of former presidents. D) The actual economic situation will probably not develop in the theoretical direction. 64. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a part of Clintonian proposal? A) Improvement of living standard.
B) Encouragement of private investment in high-growth industries. C) Cutting down on the tax.
D) Developing new technologies.
65. By stating the basic truth about a free-market economy, the author implies _. A) Clintonian plan may succeed or fail just like an enterprise on a free market B) American market is basically self-supported
C) Clinton does not understand the basic economic theory D) Clinton should not cancel a sentence in his speech
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, yon are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国园林可分为御花园和私家花园两大类。前者多见于北方，后者则居地南方，尤以苏州、无锡和南京等地为甚。南方私家花园中的溪、桥、山、亭，小巧玲珑，布局精明，尽显其自然美，令人赏心悦目。园内的小溪虽占地不多，却同小桥与石屿相得益彰，浑然一体。石头与假山是中国南方园林的特色。巨大的石头可自成一景，而较小的石块则堆积成假山，为园林增添无比魅力。
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。