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【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO5-2阅读文本
TPO5
TPO5-2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People
1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true statements about
Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia EXCEPT:
A. Collectively, these regions are traditionally known as Oceania. B. These islands of Micronesia are small and spread out.
C. Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand mark the boundaries of Polynesia. D. Melanesia is situated to the north of Micronesia.
The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.
2. By stating that the theories are \that A.if one of the theories is true, then all the others must be false B. the differences between the theories are unimportant C. taken together, the theories cover all possibilities D. the theories support each other
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3. The word “overwhelming” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. powerful B. favorable C. current D. reasonable
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following led some early researchers
to believe that the Pacific islanders originally came from Egypt? B A. Egyptians were known to have founded other great civilizations. B. Sailors from other parts of the world were believed to lack the skills needed to travel across the ocean.
C. Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.
D. Egyptian accounts claimed responsibility for colonizing the Pacific as well as the Americas.
5. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about early theories of where the first inhabitants of the Pacific islands came from? A. They were generally based on solid evidence.
B. They tried to account for the origin of the characteristic features of the languages spoken by Pacific islanders.
C. They assumed that the peoples living in Southeast Asia did not have the skills needed to sail to the Pacific islands.
D. They questioned the ideas of G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry.
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Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as
outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific.They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.
6. The word “implements” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. skills B. tools C. opportunities D. practices
7. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as required for successful colonization of the Pacific islands EXCEPT A. knowledge of various Austronesian languages B. a variety of fishing techniques
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C. navigational skills
D. knowledge of plant cultivation
8.In paragraph 3, why does the author provide information about the types
of crops grown and boats used in Southeast Asia during the period around 5000 B. C. E.?
A. To evaluate the relative importance of agriculture and fishing to early Austronesian peoples
B. To illustrate the effectiveness of archaeological and linguistic methods in discovering details about life in ancient times
C. To contrast living conditions on the continent of Asia with living conditions on the Pacific islands
D. To demonstrate that people from this region had the skills and resources necessary to travel to and survive on the Pacific islands
The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.
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9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.
B. The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.
C. Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence. D. The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.
10. The word “undisputed” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. mysterious B. unexpected C. acknowledged D. significant
11. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT an explanation for why a group of people might have wanted to colonize the Pacific islands? A. As their numbers increased, they needed additional territory. B. The winds and currents made the islands easy to reach. C. The political situation at home made emigration desirable. D. They found exploration challenging and exciting.