cost of his own life. The drama is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.
Chapter Two The Neoclassical Period
Time: It starts from the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 to the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798. Traits: Age of Reason, or Age of Enlightenment.
Thoughts: 1. They believe in hard work, self-reliance, and self-restraint. To work, to economize 节俭and to accumulate wealth constituted the whole meaning of their life.
2. They called for order ,reason ,and rules, which can save people
from superstition, injustice and oppression. They believe that if the masses were well educated, they may be capable of perfection, the equal human society may come into being.
Literature ideas: 1. The literature is heavily didactic 教导 and moralizing说教的.
2.They believe that the artistic ideals should be order,
logic ,restrained emotion and accuracy. And that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
3.Prose should be precise, direct ,smooth and flexible. by Jonathan Swift is regarded as the best model of satire in the whole English literary history.
4. Poetry should be lyrical , epical ,didactic, satiric or dramatic. 5.Drama should be written in Heroic Couplets .The three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed. Regularity in construction should be adhered to .and type characters rather than individuals ,should be represented. Schools of literature:
1.the modern English realistic novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Among the pioneer were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Herry Fielding. Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.
2.Gothic novels takes places in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.
3. Graveyard School : lamenting lyrics.
4 Neoclassicism: In the field of literature , the Englightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.
I. John Bunyan
Life: 出身贫穷锡匠家庭，没有接受正规教育，继承父业。结婚后，笃信基督教，因没有得到英国国教的批准擅自到处传教，而被监禁12年，而后，又因同样原因，被监禁
3年，其间写出他的代表作《朝圣之旅》，班扬对虚伪的堕落的富人充满愤怒。他相信通过灵与肉的搏斗，人能得到得救。
Works :
Ideas: The pilgrims progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language . Its purpose is to urge people to abide Christian doctrines seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weekness. And all kinds of social evils .The predominant metaphor -------life as a journey ----is simple and familiar. His language is concrete and lively. He observed carefully and presents the details vividly . It ?s east to read II. Alexander Pope.
Life: Well-to-do merchant family of Roman Catholic faith .Ill health , like making friends , like to satire all sorts of false learning of his times.
Fame: Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England, he was the greatest poet of his time.
Works: 选读A poet It is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets , It consists of 744 lines and is divided into three parts .The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore make easy reading.
A mock epic讽刺史诗
His best satiric poem is < The Dunciad >. He developed a satiric concise, smooth-graceful, and well-balanced style.
III. Daniel Defoe
Life: butcher‘s family. Interested in business (也是一位热衷冒险的人).his ―The True born Englishman‖ won him friendship from the king. He found The Review. When he was sixty ,he begun to write novels. his first novel ―Robinson Crusoe‖ was a great success. Fame：
Four novels about lower-class people are the first literary works devotes to the study of problems of the lower-class people. “Robinson Crusoe” considered to be his masterpiece. Works:
Novels about middle-class people----选读
主角介绍 Robinson is a typical 18 century English lower-class people man, with a great capacity for work., persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile environment.. 文章目的 In describing Robinson‘s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude, which save Robinson form despair and and are a source of pride
and happiness. 作品文采 Defoe is a very good story-teller. He organized minute details in a vivid way.His sentences are sometimes short , crips and plain ,sometimes long and rambling. His language is smooth ,easy ,colloquial (口语) and mostly vernacular(方言).
Four Novels about lower-class people----
The novel reflects the struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere existence. Their desire for great wealth comes into conflicts with the social environment , which prevents them from obtains their goals ,thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures.
Others : (它是伦敦大瘟疫的别传)
IV．Jonathan Swift
life：爱尔兰都柏人，一位posthumous child（遗腹子）。叔叔资助他完成学业，在远房一位亲戚那里受职，了解许多官场的内幕，成为爱尔兰人民反抗英国严酷统治的著名民主斗士。他曾是英国托利党党报?The Examiner‘的主编，当任过都柏林圣Patrick大教堂的主教。
Fame：他的两部著作（《A Tale of Tub》和《A Battle of Books》分别反映宗教腐败和学术界腐败现象）established his name as a satirist. ?Gulliver‘s Travels‘ is Jonathan Swift‘s best work of satiric. 他是英国散文史上最杰出的大师。他的风格是把每个单词都放在它 们最恰当的位置（ ?proper words in proper places‘）
In his opinion. The nature of human is seriously and permanently flawed. To better the human life. Enlightenment is needed, but to redress(mend) it is very hard. In his writing ,he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institution. 选读：< Gulliver’s Travels>
内容：It contains four parts , which is an organic whole (小人国Lilliput，大人国Broddingnag，哲学宗教王国Flying Island 和智力像人的动物王国Houyhnhnm Land) 思想：It is Jonathan Swift‘s best work of satiric。It criticizes and satirizes all aspects in the English and European life.----(politically,socially , religiously,philosophycally, and sciencifically and morality ) .Its social significance is great. 语言：The language is simple.direct and precise.
IV. Henry Fielding
生平：出生贵族家庭，写剧本唯生， 办报纸。他的写作目的不只是为了娱人，更是为了育人。他的作品特色是戏剧化的对话和充满悬念、巧合和出乎意料的结局。
名声：father of the English novel.The first to give the modern novel its structure and style. (他之前的小说家叙事方式是采用书信体或是传奇体（picaresque），但是作者采用第三人称叙述法，作者扮演全知的―上帝‖，可以很好地表现人物的内心活动，他在极力保留古典的史诗形式时，又能忠实于现实生活，他主要关心普通人生活中戏剧性的一面)， ?prose Homer‘.
作品：
第一部小说―Joseph Andrews‖拥有hearty的幽默，excellent的人物刻画，timely的人物出场和退场，及robust的基调。开创‖Comic epic in prose‖ 第二部作品 The history of Jonathan Wild the Great 属于Satiric biography. 主题是所谓的伟人有时看上去不过像个―伟大的‖恶棍。
第三部作品
Fielding adopted the third-person narration, so he is able to present
the internal workings of their minds. His language is easy,unlaboured and familiar, often Latinate (拉丁词)and frequently polysyllabic(多音节)。His sentences are long and distinguished by logic and rhythm. The structure of the novel are carefully planned towards an inevitable ending.
第四部作品
VI Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
life: 书商之家,语法学校毕业,因为父亲病故,无法结束大学学业.他一直生活拮据,直到 他历经七年独立完成的Dictionary出版后,才有所缓解.政府给他一笔特殊津贴,使他免予 ―writing for a living‖. 他涉及文学多个领域:诗歌,自传,散文.,戏剧,评论,字典和出版业等等.
名声: the first English dictionary by and Englishman . the last great neoclasssicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.
Thoughts: He is very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes. (课本132页) Like Pope, he was fond of moralizing and didacticism and rather conservative. A write should adhere to universal truth and experience.喜欢Richardson`s Pamela，不喜欢Fielding`s Tom Jones.
文风：课本132页，typical neoclassical, general, often Latinate and polysyllabic. Sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases. Learned words
作品 : poets---―The Vanity of Human Wishes‖ and ―London‖
Romance----
Essays---
Dictionary---< A Dictionary of the English Language> .
“Letter----To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield” . 选
读
(The language of the letter is general ,often Latinate and polysyllabic(多音节).The sentence is long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases. The style is neoclassical. )
(例如:When upon some slight encouragement, I first visited yours Lordship, I was overpowered , like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address; and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le Vainqueur du….)
VII G.Richard Sheridan
life：爱尔兰都柏人，父亲是一位演员兼剧院经理.当过剧作家. 为了心爱的女人,与情敌决斗,后来写成 ―The Rivals‖,该书获得极大的成功.不久他自己拥有一家剧院..期间创作了著名的
特征：他是十八世纪唯一一位最重要的英国剧作家。
戏剧艺术：保守...(课本136页)
作品：
选读
since Shakepeare. 内容：教参82页
(The plots are well organized, all his characters are sharply drawn.
He masters such kinds of devices as disguise , mistaken identity and dramatic irony. The language is decent and the dialogues are witty. The story is about two brothers ,the hypocritical 虚伪的Joseph Surface and the good-natured ,impurdent spendthrift 草率而奢侈Charles Surface. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the society in the eighteenth-century England, on the vicious scandal-mongering 散布 among the idle rich, on the reckless life of the high society.)
VIII Thomas Gray
life：伦敦exchange broke出身，与Horace Walpole(写哥特小说)和Richard West是朋友；历史学教授和现代语言学教授。度过平静的一生。他是全欧州最著名的博学者和成功的诗人,拒绝了Poet laureateship.
作品: 少，选读