2.中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表性的剧种：该句在翻译时可以采用非限定性定语从句结构。该句可译为：In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one.注意此处为了避免在前后分句中重复使用名词opera而在后半句中使用了名词性替代词 one。
3.京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础上形成的：“在??的基础上形成”如果直接译为be formed on the I basis of...会稍显生硬，因而可以灵活译为originate from...。“地方戏”可以直译为local opera。
4.念白：“念白”指的是中国戏曲中人物的独白或者两者的对话，因而此处在翻译时可将其灵活译为the I spoken parts。
5.胡琴：这一特有名词在英文中并没有直接对应的词汇或表达，因而可以采用汉语拼音表示。
6.它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱：“不仅 也 ”常用not only?but also?来表达。此处句中的“钟爱”和“喜爱”同义，在翻译后半部分内容时可以将与前半部分重复的内容省略，故该部分内容可译为：it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country。 （4）参考答案：
China-EU economic and trade cooperation has yielded heartening fruits. The EU has now become an important economic and trade partner of China, working as the largest technology supplier, the third largest trading partner and the fifth largest actual investor in China. Bilateral trade reached 76.6 billion dollars in 2001, achieving an 11% increase compared to the previous year. In particular, China’s imports from the EU grew by 15.8%. I highly appreciate the efforts by the Europe-China Business Association and the Belgium-Chinese Economic and Commercial Council for developing China-EU ties. China-EU trade and economic cooperation is endowed with a promising future. The two economies are strongly complimentary to each other and hence enjoy huge potential for cooperation in trade, investment, science and technology areas. 难点精析：
1.中欧经济贸易合作取得了可喜的成果：EU=European Union，表示欧盟;“取得了”可译为has got，但稍显生硬，yield fruit意为“结果，取得成果”，用在此处更为恰当;“可喜的”可译为heartening，还可译为^ promising。
2.第三大贸易伙伴和第五大实际投资方：“最大”用thelargest来表示，“第几大”则可译为the+序数词+largest，因此此处“第三大”译为thethirdlargest; “第五大”译为the fi他largest。“贸易伙伴”译为tradingpartner; “实际投资方”译为actual investor。
3. 766亿美元：应译为76.6 billion dollars。billion意为“10亿”，而不是“1 亿”。 4.增长了15.8%:可译为grew by 15.8%,还可译为increased by 15.8%。increase的反义词为decrease，二者用 法相同，后接具体的百分比时，要与介词by连用。
5.发展中欧关系：“关系”还可译为relationship，但tie表示的“关系”比relationship的情感色彩更强烈一些， ; 意为“紧密关系”，此处原文中虽没有提及“紧密”，但很显然是要发展中欧的紧密关系，故译成tie更贴合文意。
6.具有很强的互补性：可译为are strongly complimentary to each other, complimentary意为“互补的”。
7.具有很大的合作潜力：“具有”此处译为enjoy显得生动，带有较强的感情色彩。potential后应与介词for 搭配。 （5）参考答案：
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Today both TCM and western medicine are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic approach, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot of attention from the international community. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. National strategies, laws and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry. TCM is defined as a medical science governing the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It includes Chinese medication, herbalogy, acupuncture, massage and Qigong. 难点精析：
1.不可分割的一部分：可译为an integral part。
2.为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贲献：可译为has made great contributions to the prosperity of China，其中“华夏”： 即“中国”或“中华”，可直接译为China; “振兴”此处翻译成了名词形式prosperity,还可译为revitalization;“做出了 巨大的贡献”可译为 has made great contributions。
3.并驾齐驱：此处指两者(中医和西医)都得以应用，可简单地翻译为both are being used。
4.独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料：三个并列的名词短语，可分别译为unique ： I diagnostic methods, systematic approach和abundant historical literature and materials; “典籍材料”可理解为历史文献资料，翻译为historical literature and materials。
5.引导并促进这一新兴产业的研究和开发：“引导”译为guide; “促进”可译为promote，还可译为facilitate或further; “新兴产业，，可译为promising industry,还可译为new industry或emerging industry。 6.中医疗法：译为Chinese medication。 （6）参考答案：
Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday. In China, it is also known as the Spring Festival. New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Year’s Eve, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month. Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place. However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck. And doors will be decorated with red couplets with themes of health, wealth and good luck. Other activities include lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends. 难点精析：
1.庆祝活动：译为celebrations即可，考生要注意，不要看到“庆祝活动”就想在celebration的后面加上： ? activities。
2. 有很大差异：译为?vary widely,此句还可以翻译为?are rather different。 3.驱厄运、迎好运：译为sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck，此处的“驱”如果考生无法译出： : sweep away，也可以用简单的get rid of来表达。 4.大扫除：译为thoroughly clean the house。
5.放鞭炮、发红包：译为 lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes。放鞭炮还可以用 set off ' I firecrackers或 fire firecrackers来表达。
（7）
防御工程：defensive project 入侵：Invasion 绵延:stretch 跨越：span 关隘:pass 由……组成：comprise, consist of
追溯到：date back to 壮观的：imposing, magnificent, spectacular 吸引人的：appealing, fascinating 奇观：wonder
Great Wall of China was an ancient gigantic defensive project. It’s built originally to resist invasions of northern nomadic groups. The wall stretches for 8,800km and spans 17 provinces form east to west. The Great Wall mainly comprises walls, passes and watchtowers. The Great Wall we see today mostly dates back to the Ming Dynasty. The best-preserved and most imposing section is at Badaling in Beijing. With a history of more than 2000years, some of the sections are now in ruins or have disappeared. However, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all around the world. The Great Wall is the building project with the longest duration
and greatest cost in human lives. It deserves its place among “the New Seven Wonders of the World”. （8）。
留下印象：make an impression 批准:approve 标志:mark 突破：breakthrough 执行：Carry out
Shenzhou spacecraft of China’s space program has already made a worldwide impression with 10 successful blastoffs. China’s Manned Space Program was formally approved in 1992. On November 20, 1999, China’s first unmanned spacecraft, Shenzhou 1, was successfully launched, which marked China’s first great breakthrough in space exploration. In the following three years, several test flights of unmanned spacecrafts were successively carried out. The fifth launch, Shenzhou 5, was the first to carry first Chinese astronaut into space on 15 October 2003. Since then, China has become the third country in the world to have independent manned space flight capability after Russia and the United States. （9）
农历：lunar calendar 元月十五：the fifteenth day of the first month 说法：beliefs, idea, opinions, views 天兵：troops
放鞭炮: Explode/set off/light firecrackers
The Lantern Festival in China is celebrated on the fifteenth day of the first month in the lunar calendar, marking the last day of the New Year celebration. There are different beliefs about its origin. One legend tells that a crane from heaven was shot dead by some villagers, which angered the Jade Emperor in heaven. So , he ordered his troops to set fire to the village on the fifteenth lunar day. His daughter warned the villagers of her father’s plan. A wise man suggested that every family should hang red lanterns around their houses and explode firecrackers in streets to give the village the appearance of being on fire. On the very day, the Jade Emperor saw that the village was already ablaze and decided not to burn it down. From that day on, people celebrate the festival by hanging lanterns and exploding firecrackers and firework. （10）
Energy is an essential material basis for human survival and development. Every significant step in the progress of human civilization has been accompanied by energy innovations and substitutions. The development and utilization of energy has enormously boosted the development of the world economy and human society. China is now the world’s second-largest energy producer and consumer. The sustained growth of energy supply has provided an important support for the country’s economic growth and social progress, while the rapid expansion of energy market, china plays an increasingly important role in maintaining global energy security. （11）
对……有影响：have an influence on…, have an effect on 对……尊敬：show one’s respect to…
家庭聚会：family gatherings, family parties
婚礼：marriage ceremony
Tea has a profound influence on Chinese culture. In Chinese society, the younger generation always shows their respect to the older generation by offering a cup of tea. Chinese also drink tea at a family gathering. Sons and daughters have few times to visit their parents, and parents may seldom meet their grandchildren as well. Therefore, going to restaurants and drinking tea becomes an important activity for family gatherings. Besides, in Chinese culture, people make serious apologies to others by pouring tea for them. Serving tea to express thanks to your elders is also an important etiquette on one’s wedding day. In the traditional Chinese marriage ceremony, both the bride and groom kneel in front of their parents and serve the tea.
（12）战略家：strategist 继承王位：inherit the throne, succeed to the throne 自封：proclaim oneself…(proclaim sb. sth)
多民族的：multi-ethnic 推行改革:pass reforms, carry out reforms, take reforms 在位期间：during/in one’s reign
禁止：outlaw, ban prohibit 坑杀：bury…alive 功绩：achievement
Qin Shi Huang is an outstanding statesman, strategist and reformer in the history of China. He inherited the throne at the age of 13. At the age of 39, he unified China and proclaimed himself the First Emperor, establishing the first united, multi-ethnic and centralized country. After the unification of China, he passed a series of reforms, for example, standardizing the units of measurements and the currency unifying the Chinese script. He also undertook gigantic projects such as the construction of the Great Wall and his tomb in his reign. To strengthen his rule, he outlawed and burned classic books and buried some Confucian scholars alive. Although some of his measures brought people heavy disaster, his achievement is far more than his error. （13）
成立：establish, found, set up 近代史：modern history
新文化运动：New Culture Movement 五四运动：May Fourth Movement 重视：lay/place emphasis on, attach importance to 传统建筑：traditional architecture
Peking University was established in Beijing in 1898 and was originally known as the Imperial University of Peking. The establishment of the university marked the beginning of China’s modern history influential in the birth of China’s New Culture Movement, May Fourth Movement and many other significant events. Today, many domestic rankings place Peking University amongst the top universities in China. The university lays emphasis on both teaching and scientific research. Great efforts have been made to improve the quality of undergraduate and graduate education and maintain its role as a leading research institution. In addition, the University is especially renowned for its campus environment and the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture.
（14）高负荷交通运输：high traffic load 悠久的：long-held
Chunyun refers to the extremely high traffic load in China around the time of the Spring Festival. It usually begins 15days before the Lunar New Year’s Day and lasts for around 40
days. It is a long-held tradition for most Chinese people to reunite with their families during Chinese New Year. People return home from work or study to have Reunion dinner with their families on New Year’s Eve. The passenger flow during the Chunyun period has exceeded the population of China each year for the recent decade. Chunyun has been called the largest annual human migration in the world. Rail transport experiences the biggest challenge during the period.
（15）签证限制：visa restrictions 繁荣：boom, prosperity 旅游消费：tourist spending 份额：share prosperity 预计：expect, anticipate, predict
A fast-emerging middle class with money to spend, improving transport links, diminishing visa restrictions and favorable official policies, all these factors lead to a boom in domestic and outbound Chinese tourism. The tourism sector in China is expected to expand by 6 percent a year between 2010 and 2020, the fastest rate in the world, which has attracted companies from abroad to open resorts in China. Meanwhile, a large share of China’s tourist spending is already flowing beyond its borders. Mainland Chinese made 47 million trips overseas in 2009. In the next decade, the government expects 100 million people to tour abroad, and China will become the world’s biggest outbound tourism market.
（16）
自然现象：natural phenomenon 体现：embody 美德：virtue
The names of Chinese people have their own tradition and characteristics. Unlike westerners, the family name in China is put first, followed by the given name. The given name usually contains one or two Chinese characters. Chinese names convey special meaning, with the given names often expressing the best of wishes on the new-born. Some imply the birthplace, birth time or natural phenomenon, like Chen (morning), Dong (winter);some embody the hope of virtue, like Zhong (faithful) while others express the wishes of life like Jian (health). Together 3500family names are commonly used nowadays in China and the most popular three are Li, Wang and Zhang. All Chinese people have equal rights to use their won names, which are legally protected.