1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。
2、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam
of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点 3、自然主义：naturalism, a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ， 产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的
感知。 Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their
environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。 The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free
will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的， 代表作家： Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞. 二、代表作家：
1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼
①★free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定节奏，无有规律
的韵脚 ②“Leaves of Grass”草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗 Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass”are about man and nature. ③关注点：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the
rugged individual 2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森
①作品： “I died for Beauty” 我为美而死（诗歌） Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终
极) the same “Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是实现永恒
Immortality的途径
②特点：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence
are always quoted by their first lines. 3、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托 小说家 only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19th
century
代表作：“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”汤姆叔叔的小屋 关注农奴制度 Pay attention to serf's system 4、Mark Twain 马克.吐温
①美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有
名的作品) ②特点：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the
particular concern about the local character of a region. ③代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写 “Life on the Mississippi” 5、O. Henry 欧.亨利 short story 短篇小说
①特点：tell about the lives of poor people in New York关注下层人; usually short简单; plots are
exceedingly clever and interesting，humor abounds情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默; the end is always surprising结尾意外; contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions使用大量的俚语和口语. ②代表作：“The Four Million”《四百万》 小说集 、“The Gift of the Magi”《麦琪的礼物》 单
部小说 ★6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小说家；Literature theoretician 文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育 ①心理现实主义的开创者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is
generally divided into three periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in
international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”. ②特点：(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate
style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探讨人物人性心理，用深厚、复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩 (2)1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人称的叙述 (3)omniscient 全视角是不真实的;
③创作原则：The art of Fiction小说的艺术;art vs. life, brings the meaning of life;
④贡献contribution：in his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of
fiction itself, helping to transform the novel from its alliance with journalism and
romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小说从新闻形式和浪漫故事转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突，进行深刻剖析的文学形式；对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这位感受的最高形式。 ⑤代表作：“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ The Portrait of a Lady”(早期最好的作品)
⑥The name of the heroine “The Portrait of a Lady” is Isabel Acher. The novel is representative of the best of James’ mature work. The plot concerns the courtship,
marriage, and development of the character of Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral interrelationships is in one sense another treatment of the Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, an intimate picture of a woman’s soul presented with masterly psychological finesse. 7、Jack London 杰克.伦敦
①代表作：“The People of the Abyss”、“The Call of the Wild”、“The Sea Wolf”、 “Martin Eden”(autobiographical novel自传体小说)
②while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest
individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel. 8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞
①代表作：“Sister Carrie”《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie
Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood. “The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲 ②“An American Tragedy”《美国悲剧》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart
of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。 第五部分：二十世纪的文学 一、时期综述：
1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from
1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration. 2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that
they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world. 3、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in
literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. 4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the
twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
5、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel
Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太阳照样升起》 “A Farwell to Arms”《告别了，武器》 William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧嚣与骚动》
6、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)：when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the
theatre of New York’s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures. 二、代表作家：
1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 诗人
①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry
the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。 ②major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos” 2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet
①诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries,
choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative. (2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.
(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its
apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed. ②he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖. ③“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想
逃避社会；死亡、迷惑 ★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人 ①多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家 ②代表作：
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s
poetry as a whole. “Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement
of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。
“The Waste Land”《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form —
the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。 “Four Quartets”《四个四重奏》poem
“Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual
power.极富感染力的戏剧 5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家
作品：“This Side of Paradise”《人间天堂》，the first novel. “The Great Gatsby” 《了
不起的盖茨比》 novel “Tender Is the Night” 《夜色温柔》 novel 6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家
①写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence
structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。 (2) His primary concern was an individual’s “moment of truth,” and his fascination with the threat
of physical, emotional, of psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with stories of war.主题强调换个体“真理的瞬时性”，痴迷于描写肉体情感方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。 (3) man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure作品主题, or purity of line
through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人. ②代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation” “A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea” 7、John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克
①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。
②代表作：“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant
workers ; “The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。 8、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳
①作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”
人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。 ②作品：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down,
Moses” ③narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意识流 2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者