始招标。为了减少工程变更的出现，招标工作要在施工图设计完成后开始。此外，招标人可以使用设计方案投标的竞争模式来选择设计单位，实行设计监理和仔细审查设计图纸的深度和质量。
（2）加强对评标委员会专家的选择和管理。评标委员会由招标人在开标前确定。为了保证评标公平的，所有的专家应通过计算机随机选择，并采用专家语音通知系统。此外，与招标人和投标人有利害关系的人员应退出评标活动。
在评标之前，评标委员会应当组织成员认真学习评标标准，方法和规则。评标时间应该得到保证，尤其是审查商业标的时间。此外，应加强专家的评标责任，他们应该终生负责通过的评价结果。一旦他们在评标过程中违反了相关法律，他们应受到相关部门的严惩。
当评标专家审查商务标时，他们应注意以下两点是有益于帮助业主在招投标阶段控制成本：
因为事实上总价可能符合要求，但有些单格是不合理的，评标专家应不仅要审查投标总价，也要审查单价。为了中标后提高经济效益，不少投标者经常使用不平衡报价。例如，他们将降低工程量可能会减少的项目的单价，提高工程量可能增加的项目的单价。因此，评标专家应仔细判断每一个投标文件是否存在明显的不平衡报价。
评标专家不仅要审查认真单价，还要密切关注相应的工程量。尤其是，他们应该注重数量比较大的项目的单价，判断单价是否在合理的区间范围内。另外，评标专家应该研究相应的工作内容，施工规划，工作要求和现场实际情况，以及单价。
（3）提高工程量清单的编制质量。工程量的精度是项目成本控制的核心，也是一个限制不平衡报价的关键点。因此，经验丰富的专业人才应负责这项工作。工程量清单的编制工作应严格遵守建设工程量清单计价规范，并应该具有全面性和具有可预测性。同时为了使投标人充分考虑完成所有项目列表项所需的费用，以免日后工程造价增加，每个项目必须全面，准确地描述投标人必须完成的项目特征和工作内容，鉴于存在跨领域的工程，应担编制详细的工程量清单以避免搭接的工作重复或漏项［8］。
（4）进一步规范建筑市场。为了促进建筑行业的健康发展，建立一个统一，
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开放，竞争，有序的建筑市场环境，建筑业迫切需要政府采取有效措施整顿建筑市场混乱的状态。首先，政府必须把重点放在改造现有建筑市场存在的突出问题。其次，政府要进一步完善建筑市场的法律法规体系。最后但并非最不重要的，政府应该完善建筑市场准入和通关制度，加强对市场的监管。显然，只有建筑市场
］进一步规范，很容易业主才容易在招投标阶段控制成本［1，。
（5）大力培育和发展中介服务业。有必要建立完善的中介服务行业去大力发展建筑业。虽然中介服务机构不是业主和承包商之间的合同签约方，但他们可以为签约方提供各种智力服务。因此，在该项目的实施过程中，他们发挥着重要的作用。而由于业主往往不理解或不熟悉工程施工业务，在一定程度上中介主要为他们提供服务。例如，在招投标阶段，中介服务机构，如工程造价咨询公司，招标代理机构或项目管理公司可能参与该项目。在他们的帮助下，合同双方可以以更加公平，合理，有效的确定工程价格
结论
投标阶段的造价控制是全过程造价控制过程中最重要的环节之一。从上面的讨论得出的结论是，为了更好地控制在招投标阶段的工程造价，业主最重要的工作就是编制一份高质量的招标文件，因为很多重要的事情，如招投标类型、计价模式、合同类型、施工图纸、合同期限、工程量清单、评标标准和方法等方面是招标文件的所有组成部分。此外，发包方需要中介服务机构高品质的服务，如工程造价咨询公司、招标代理机构或项目管理公司和政府管理部门及其他市场主体建立的规范化建筑市场环境。
参考文献
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quantities pricing mode, China Tendering, 9 (2007) 25-28.
[2] J. Guo, Y. Liu, Construction Estimating Management, Tsinghua University Press, Beijing Jiaotong University Press, (2008) 269-270.
[3] X. Zhang, The forming mechanism of the bidding price and the analysis on the bidding price, Science & Technology Information, 6 (2009) 127.
[4] X. Wang, J. Li, Engineering Bidding and Contract Management, China Machine Press, Beijing, (2009) 29-31.
[5] C. Zhang, The employer’s engineering cost management in the construction bidding stage,Airport Construction, 4 (2006) 44-46.
[6] Y. Ding, Some discussion on cost control during construction tendering and bidding period,
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Building Construction, Vol. 30 2 (2008) 148-150.
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Study on Employer's Cost Control
in the Bidding Phase
Qiufang Wang, Xing Liu， and Juanfang Li
School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Keywords: employer; bidding; cost control.
Abstract: Bidding stage is one of the important stages of cost control of project construction, which is a form of beforehand control and active control. In order to make rational use of construction funds and pursuit investment returns to a greater extent, the employer should strengthen the construction cost control in the bidding phase. To begin with, this paper analyzes the significance of construction cost control in the bidding phase, states the form of expression of construction cost in the bidding phase, and focuses on the analysis of influence factors of cost control in the bidding phase. Finally it puts forward some countermeasures to prevent the risk of project cost control in the bidding phase.
Introduction
In recent years, with the investment system reform and construction market in China gradually standardized, all parties in construction project have a full understanding on the significance of cost control in decision-making, design and construction stage. Although the cost control in the bidding stage al so plays a very important role to the full process cost control, it is often ignored.
The bidding phase is an important stage to determine the construction contract price, which has a direct influence on future construction and completion settlement. However, in order to reduce the cost of the project, obtain greater investment benefit, employers usually only pay attention to the project technical standards and engineering construction scale in
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the design phase and investment control in the phase of construction, they have not enough understanding the importance of the bidding phase. Some employers even directly bargain with the contractor to control the project cost, which is easy to cause the contradiction between the owner and the contractor and bury some hidden troubles to the smooth implementation of the project. Therefore, how to make the construction cost control in the bidding stage to achieve actual effect has become one of the important research topics in the engineering field.
Construction Cost Control in the Bidding Phase
Form of Expression of Construction Cost in the Bidding Phase. The base price for bid, bid price and contract price are all expressive forms of construction cost in the bidding phase, which are gradually formed and interconnected.
（1）Base price for bid. The base price for bid is an expected construction price of the bid inviter, which is worked out by the bid inviter independently or the bid invitation agency with bid preparation qualification. It is important to realize that not every project must have a base price for bid. But where a bid inviter has fixed a base price for bid, he shall keep such price confidential and refer to the price while evaluating bids [1].
（2）Bid price. The bid price is the price a bidder quotes in response to a bid invitation, which is the core part of the bid documents. The bid price is so significant that it determines whether a bidder can succeed to a large extent. As is well known that although the contract will be awarded to the bidder with lower bid price in a market economy, the bid at a price below cost will be prohibited by law, as it disturbs the market order, and leads potential dangers on the quality of the project. （3）Contract price. The contract price is a price that both parties of contract determine in a contract, which is often the bid price of the
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