四、结语
著作权集中许可机制的变革与著作权产业的发展相辅相成，前者无论在模拟复制时代抑或网络时代，都旨在通过其信息成本优势解决传统许可机制中的效率问题。美国著作权集中许可机制的发展史给我国现阶段同类制度的构建提供了诸多有益经验。在著作权市场交易日益频繁的情况下，为使著作权许可机制与著作权产业发展相适应，我国应在实现著作权集体管理组织“去垄断性”的同时，借鉴发达国家著作权集体管理组织的概括许可机制，并建立著作权集体管理组织与权利人的平行许可制度，从外部限制著作权集体管理组织的市场地位。
注释:
[1]See Joseph P. Escalante, ASCAP, BMI, and the Sherman Act: Are Today’s Top-Stars in Bed with the Blanket License?, 22 W. St. U. L. Rev. 75 (1994), pp. 76~78.
[2]See Finkelstein, ASCAP as an Example of the Clearing House System in Operation, 14 Bull. Copyright Soc’y 2 (1966), p. 2.
[3]See E. Schlachter, The Intellectual Property Renaissance in Cyberspace: Why Copyright Law Could Be Unimportant on the Internet, 12 Berkeley Tech. L. J. 15 (1997), p. 41.
[4]参见熊琦：《网络时代著作权法与合同法的冲突与协调》，《法商研究》2008年第2期。
[5]See Julie E. Cohen, Copyright and the Jurisprudence of Self-help, 13 Berkeley Tech. L. J. 1089 (1998), p. 1090.
[6]See Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, Yale University Press (2006), p. 9.
[7]See Lawrence Lessig, Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity, Penguin Press (2004), pp. 87-94; pp. 183-207.
[8]相同的观点参见Robert P. Merges, The End of Friction? Property Rights and Contract in the “Newtonian” World of On-line Commerce, 12 Berkeley Tech. L. J. 115 (1997), p. 116.
[9]See Stanley M. Bensen, An Economic Analysis of Copyright Collectives, 78 Va. L. Rev. (1992), pp. 383-390.
[10]See Henry E. Smith, Institutions and Indirectness in Intellectual Property, 157 U. Pa. L. Rev. 2083 (2009), p. 2089.
[11]See Henry E. Smith, Modularity in Contracts: Boilerplate and Information Flow, 104 Mich. L. Rev. 1175 (2006), pp. 1180-1190.
[12]See Robert P. Merges, The Concept of Property in the Digital Era, 45 Hous. L. Rev. 1239 (2008), p. 1250.
[13]See Lionel S. Sobel, The Music Business and the Sherman Act: An Analysis of The “Economic Realities” of Blanket Licensing, 3 Loy. L.A. Ent. L.J. 2 (1983), p. 4.
[14]See Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 441 U.S. 1 (1979), p. 40.
[15]See United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150 (1940), p. 218.
[16]See United States v. ASCAP, 1940-43 Trade Cas. (CCH) 'I 56104 (S.D.N.Y. l941), p. 403.
[17]在美国司法部的敦促下，著作权集体管理组织的与概括许可相关的重要修订分别产生于1941、1950、1960、2000年，其间相关使用者也对著作权集体管理组织的概括许可提起过多项诉讼。
[18]同前注[1]，Joseph P. Escalante文, 第77页。
[19]See Finkelstein, The Composer and the Public Interest-Regulation of Performing Rights Societies, 19 Law & Contemp. Prob. 275 (1954), p. 287.
[20]See CBS v. ASCAP, 562 F.2d 130 (2nd Cir. 1977), p. 136.