[78]This was the scenario in the notorious case of the Zhili Toy Factory whichcaught fire ；84workers who had been locked in behind barred windows burned todeath.Yi Fu，？Feixushang de pingdiao：Shenzhen `11.19'teda huozai shigu jishiyu fanziì[Pondering at the ruins ：reflections and records of the Shenzhen November19th fire disaster]，Zhongguo gongren [Chinese worker]，no.5，1994，pp.4-8；also no.6，1994，pp.8-11.
[79]This is from a document we obtained that was circulated by the GuangdongProvince Trade Union Research Department，dated June 1993.
[80]Information based on 1995fieldwork in Shanghai.For details on how newtrade unions are being set up ，see Anita Chan ，？Labor Relations in Foreign-fundedVenturesì，in Gregory O'Leary （ed.），Adjusting to Capitalism：Chinese Workersand Their State （Armonk：M.E.Sharpe ，1987），pp.122-50.There are rare casesin China，though ，where a new union is formed through workers'demands.One oft-quotedcase is the Japanese-owned Garden Hotel in Shanghai.The new trade union and itschair emerged from a spontaneous industrial dispute ，and were recognized by theShanghai General Federation of Trade Unions.The new chairperson，taking his responsibilityseriously ，resigned from his middle-ranking managerial staff position so as todevote himself full-time to union work.Reportedly，genuine collective bargaininghas been taking place regularly at this hotel.Shanghai gongyun ，no.11，1994，pp.19-21.
[81]Vietnam Investment Review，18-24July 1994，p.12.
[82]Far Eastern Economic Review，25January 1996，p.22.
[83]This is based on Irene Ntrlund's field observations in 1996.
[84]Lao dong [Labour]，no.27/96（3March 1996）；no.33/96（17March 1996）。A year later the taxi drivers'union merged with other unions under the Ho ChiMinh City Federation of Labour.
[85]Information from the VGCL based on March 1996field research by Norlund.
[86]See Gerard Greenfield，？Strikes in Vietnam：Between Discipline and Dignityì，Asian Labour Update，August-October 1995，pp.25-7.Greenfield also notesthe emergence of labour associations，but the figure he cites is higher？700labourassociations by mid-1993.
[87]Also see Gareth Porter ，Vietnam：The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism，p.92.
[88]Based on interviews in 1994with the national secretary and a member ofthe staff of the Australian Public Sector Union who went to Vietnam for the program.Also see an article written by a representative of the Trades and Labour Councilof Western Australia in Vietnamese Trade Union，no.1，1995，pp.19-20.
[89]Information from the VGCL，March 1996.
[90]Based on Chan's interview in Hanoi with the vice-president of this newunion in January 1998.
[91]Vietnamese Trade Union ，no.4，1997，p.8.
[92]This observation was made by the director of the ILO office in Beijingin 1995.Also ，in 1995a high-level official of the Shanghai General Trade Uniontold us that the time was not yet ripe to discuss strengthening of the industrialunions in China.See Gordon White ，Jude Howell and Shang Xiaoyuan ，In Searchof Civil Society：Market Reform and Social Change in Contemporary China（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1996），p.60.