主动关系 先于谓语动作发生 having been done (完成被动式)作状语 被动关系 先于谓语动作发生 done(过去分词) 作状语 被动关系
已经在过去发生或是
不十分强调时间概念
Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.
Having (=Because we have) made full preparations, we are sure to be successful.
Having been shown around(=After we had been shown) the library, we were then taken to see the laboratory.
二、现在分词的句法功能
1．现在分词具有形容词的特征，在句中可充当表语、定语和宾语补足语。
功能 作用 例句 作表语
现在分词作表语说明主语的性质和 特征。
他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。 The music they are playing sounds exciting.
这消息鼓舞人心。 The news is inspiring. 作定语
现在分词作定语可以放在被修饰的
名词之前，称为前置定语，也可放 在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定 一个睡觉的婴儿 a sleeping baby
现在正在建造的那座建筑是一所医院。
汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 5 语。现在分词作定语可表示所修饰 的人或物的动作或状态。
The building being built now is a hospital. 作宾语补足语
现在分词可以在“主语＋谓语＋宾 语＋宾语补足语”结构中充当宾语 补足语。 这种结构如使用被动语态， 现在分词便是主语补足语。 他看见孩子们正在院子里玩儿。 He saw the children playing in the yard. 有人看见他正在上楼。 He was seen going upstairs.
2.现在分词(短语)具有副词的特征，在句中可充当状语成分
现在分词作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随情况，一般可以转换成一个相应的状语从
句。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如果分词的动作与谓语动词动
作同时发生或谓语动词动作紧接着分
词发生要用 doing 形式；如果分词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，要用 having done 形式；如果分词的动
作与主语是被动关系，又表示与谓语动词动作同时发生，则要用 being done 形式。
注意：独立成分作状语不受上述所讲规则的限制：
有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：
generally/frankly speaking 一般说来/坦白地说 judging from 根据??来判断
considering...考虑到?? speaking of 说到；谈及 talking of 说起
Judging from his face, he was angry.从他的脸色看，他很生气。 Frankly speaking, I don\'t agree with you.坦白地说，我不同意你的话。 现在分词在句中可以充当的状语有： (1)时间状语
听到那个好消息的时候，他高兴地跳了起来。
Hearing the good news(＝When he heard the good news), he jumped with great joy. (2)条件状语
努力工作，你会成功的。
Working hard(＝If you work hard), you will succeed.
(3)原因状语
由于她生病了，所以住院了。
Being ill(＝Because she was ill), she was in hospital. (4)让步状语
虽然失败了很多次，但是他没有失去信心。
Having failed many times(＝Though he had failed many times)，he didn\'t lose heart. (5)结果状语
他的祖父去世了，留给他一大笔钱。
His grandfather died, leaving him a lot of money. 汇聚名校名师，奉献精品资源，打造不一样的教育！ 6
(注意：动词不定式作结果状语表示未曾料到的结果 Hearing a scream, I rushed downstairs only to
see my hostess lying unconscious on the floor. 听到叫声，我冲到楼下结果发现女主人躺在地板上失去 了知觉。) (6)方式状语
请用另一种方式回答这个问题。
Please answer the question using another way. (7)伴随状语，此时现在分词可以转化为一个并列句
Talking and laughing, the children walked one by one into the classroom.
＝The children walked one by one into the classroom and they talked and laughed.