GMAT阅读笔记
出题规律：
文章：文章改写，风格固定，套路统一 题目：题型固定，解题有章
一．GMAT阅读文章分类
1．按题材分三类：社会科学类（美国历史、弱势群体、少数民族、印第安人、黑人、妇女）、经济管理类、自然科学类，前两类占90％
2．按写作手法分两类：presentation, argumentation 重点是presentation, 即论述一个理论的文章。 例1：presentation的结构
① Recently, the extinction of the dinosaur has been a mysterious phenomenon that puzzles scientists.
② Rosen’s three major findings have contributed much to the progress of explaining the dinosaur’s extinction.
a. sedimentation b. fossil remains, skeleton c. isotope, chronology ③ Therefore……
例2：argumentation的结构（作者观点：喜新厌旧、标新立异）
① Traditionally, most scientists believed that the extinction of the dinosaur was caused by the impact on Earth of massive meteorites.
② However, no sign of the impact, such as a huge pit, has been discovered. On the other hand, Smith found two things that had been overlooked by his predecessors. ③ Thus……
3．长文章按具体套路分类，分四种：新老观点对比型、现象解释型、问题解决型、结论解释型。特别套路；
短文章：可套用长文章套路的、罗嗦语言、无明显套路
二．做题四原则 （文时间：题时间＝4：6）
1．至少三遍原则――作业要过三遍 ① 不看译文，不管时间的准确率 ② 查出关键生词，弄通长难句句法 ③ 课后复习，通读上课所讲思路
2. “头脑空白”原则：不带任何客观知识和主观好恶，文章说什么我们才知道什么，文章说什么就相信什么。
3．顺序原则：先文后题，先套路后细节
4．总结原则：每读完一个段落以及一篇文章后要做如下六方面总结： KSGMAT ① 关键词（Key Word）→细节题
② 文章结构（Structure）→写法性主题题 ③ 本文的目的（Goal）→目的性主题题 ④ 主要思想（Main Idea）→内容性主题题
⑤ 作者对某个主体所持的态度或评价（Attitude）→大正、大负、混合评价（大正小负、大负小正、纯粹混合评价）
⑥ 文章的主题句（Topic Sentence）→主题题
三．做标记
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（一）机考做笔记（一般是两短两长，或者三长一短，共4篇。长文章每篇4－5题，短文章3题左右。OG和补充材料10行/分钟。题目一分钟一题） 1．主题句 TS
2．每段关键词 KW
3．强对比和重要的强转折
强对比有两类：unlike, in contrast to, on the other hand, on the contray; 时间状语（until recently, prior to 1970’s, now）
PS: 阅读方法： 1．记笔记
文：套路类型，段意，KW，TS
题：题型，解题方法，题干KW，文中定位，定位依据，排除理由 逻辑简图，亮点总结 2．预习，复习 3．做记号
（二）必须引起高度重视的强调性语言！！！ 1．强转折 两个“虽然”：(al)though, while 三个“但是”：but, yet, however
五对同义词：(in fact, actually) (nevertheless, nonetheless) (despite, in spite of) (rather, instead) (virtually, practically)
注意：极端转折（以转折后为主），多重转折（以最后一个转折为主） 2．强因果 两个“家族”：conclude, conclusion, conclusive; consequent(ly), consequence 三个“所以”：thus, hence, therefore 四个“短语”：result in, result from, lead to, lie in 五个“因为”：because(of), since, for, due to, 冒号或分号 3．标点符号：引号，括号（新名词解释一定要看） 4．重要语言：
最高级：请注意顺序最高级 first，频率最高级 always never，程度最高级 foremost uttermost PS：文中出现最高级，给予关注；选项中出现最高级，大多为错 唯一性：only, sole(ly), unique(ly), exclusive(ly), alone
比较句：注意more/less…….than的另一种特殊意义（与其说。。。。不如说），注意相等比较as…….as, the same as, similar to
5．专有名词：人名，物种，化学物质（首字母提炼法） 6．判断句 （出现在文首，可能为TS） 系动词：be， remain
情态动词：can, cannot, may, might 自由褒贬词：adj. adv.
例3：His view shapes my philosophy
his view successfully shapes my philosophy. + his view curiously shapes my philosophy. － his brazen view shapes my philosophy. －
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his penetrating view shapes my philosophy. +
四．各套路文章总结
1．新老观点对比型文章总结： A．判定标志
a. 首段出现老观点 traditionally, frequently, assumed, most, many, universally accepted, widely accepted, once believe, common, believed b. 一段中或者二段开头可能出现强转折 B．TS是新观点提出处
a. 经常位于一段中或者二段开头
b. 阅读策略：首段（观点，时间）→一段中二段头（强对比，强转折） C．行文套路及阅读重点
a. 老观点 略 b. 新观点 详 c. 继续论述新观点 详
蓝 P1－9 GMAT P312 P317 P318 P395 P338 P273 P219 GRE 2．现象解释型文章总结： A．判定标志
a. 首段出现一个社会或者自然现象，下文解释 b. 套路词汇：phenomenon
中部出现 explain, interpret 后半部出现 explanation, interpretation B. TS是正确的解释 C．行文套路及阅读重点
Phenomenon → explanation (KW)→ attitude P209 P242 P246 P262 P264 GRE 3．问题解决型文章总结： A．判定标志
a. 首段出现设问句 b．二段首句出现不定式 c．套路词汇：problem, question, task, difficulty, criteria, challenge, requirement B. TS是正确的解决方法 C．行文套路及阅读重点
Problem (question)→solution (answer) (KW)→ attitude P321 P320 P332 P226 P314 P344 GRE 4．特别套路型文章总结： A． 判定标志
a. 开头出现人名，大写，书名，斜体
b. 开头出现 人名＋study，work，analysis c. 各段首句重复同一人名 B． TS不明显 C． 行文套路
a. 一般会与前人比较，说出异同 like, unlike, but b. 对作品的评价以正评价为主 D． 阅读重点
作者对作品的态度评价：自由褒贬，实义动词
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188 191 210 370 GRE
五．客观题 （题型固定，解题有章）
学习重点：题型判定→解题方法 （一）基本题型：
1．直接事实题 （对文中有明确叙述的内容进行正面提问的题目） 典型问法：According to the passage (auther)…… The author states that…..
The author mentions which of the following as……
做法：同义变换 （找原文的语言重现）的两种情况：变换同义词，变换句型，变换同根词词性
例4：The historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism. 换为：The historians have expanded the traditional view of nineteen-century feminism. 例5：The case histories revealed how the authorities administered justice.
换为：The case histories indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice.
例6：The minority groups lace access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies. 换为：The minority groups do not nave sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations. 例7：This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. 换为：This dichotomy is useful, but only if its limitations are recognized. 2．取非题/取反题
① 对比题：由强对比语气出的题。A与B相对立，文中只有A的特征，问B的特征，则对A取非即可。 例8： Unlike the large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, therefore, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. 题：The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to
A. experience frustration but not serious financial harm B. face potentially crippling fixed expenses
C. have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government D. increase its spending with minority subcontractors
E. revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontacts 答案：A
② 改善题：正改善题和负改善题
a. 正改善题：虚拟语气＋表示正改善的说法＝正改善题。做法是“回原文中找缺点，然后取非”。正改善的说法有：better, improve, more illuminating/ enlightening/ convincing/ useful. 例9：However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated plants.
题：It can be inferred from the passage that the claim that the spiral arrangements is an adaptation to wind pollination would be more convincing if which of the following were true? A. Such an arrangement occurred only in wind-pollinated plants B. Such an arrangement occurred in vascular plants as a whole
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C. Such an arrangement could be shown to be beneficial to pollen release D. The number of bracts could be shown to have increased over time
E. The airflow patterns over the cone’s surfaces could be shown to be produced by such
arrangements. 例10：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
题：It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazers control could have improved their data would have been to
A. Emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton B. Disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers
C. Collect phytoplankton of all size before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration D. Recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collencted in a net E. Understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton 答案：C
b. 负改善题：虚拟语气＋表示负改善的说法＝负改善题。做法是“回文中找优点，然后取非“。负改善的说法有：less illuminating/ enlightening/ convincing/ useful. (改善题的变体) 例11：As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First…… Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land.
题：It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
A. It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times. B. It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land C. It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years
D. It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent
with those found in fresh water
E. It stretched back fro only a million years 答案：B
取非题选项特点：1。正确选项可能含有极端词汇 2。干扰选项，未取非 3．(in order) to/ 举例作用题 问法：in order to 或 to
做题技巧：先观察以“illustrate”或者“give an example of”开头的选项。 标准做法分以下三种情况：
a. 先结论后举例：for example, for instance, such as, like b. 先举例后结论：hence, therefore, thus, in short
c. 无任何语言现象：以第一种情况“先结论后举例”居多 排除选项：1。含有例子词汇 2。含有结论中未涉及信息
例12：One argument against my contention asserts that, by nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that I am simply underestimating children’s ability to see through these biases. Some researchers even claim that by the time students are in high school, they cannot take textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists to the contrary. (two researchers, for example, have conducted studies that suggest that children’s attitudes about particular cultures are strongly influenced by the textbooks used in schools)
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