http://www.ms2004.com 动词不定式的用法1
1. 不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：
一般式to do 被动式to be done 完成式to have done 完成被动式 to have been done
进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing 其否定形式是由not加 不定式构成。如： His works are said to have been translated into many languages.据说他的作品被译成了多种文字。 He pretended to be reading when his mother came in. 当他母亲进来时，他假装在看书。 His sister told him not to read in the sun. 他的姐姐让他不要在阳光下看书。 Mother made him get up early yesterday.昨天母亲让他起得很早。 2. 不定式各种形式的用法
动词不定式的一般式表示要做的事，当主语或被修饰词是不定式的动词的动作承受者时，不定式常用被动式；如果其动作发生的时间早于谓语动词所发生的时间，这时不定式就常用完成式；这时，如果主语或被修饰词是不定式动词所表示动作的承受者，则不定式用完成被动式；如果不定式表示一个正在发生的动作，则用进行式。如：
He is said to have gone abroad, but I don’t know in which country he is learning now. 据说他正在出了国。但是我不知道他现在正在哪一个国家学习。
He seems to be writing an article. But I don’t know what it is about. 他似乎在写一篇文章。但是我不知道是关于什么的。
His works are said to have been translated into many languages.据说他的作品被译成了多种文字。 3. 不定式的主动与被动形式
一般说来，如果不定式的修饰成分是其动作的发出者，动词不定式用主动形式，如果是其动作的承受者，则用被动式。但是有些情况下要注意：
（1）在have something to do 中如果主语是动词不定式的动作发出者，则用主动式，如果主语不是动词不定式的动作发出者，则不定式用被动式 have something to be done。例如：
1. I have to a question to ask. 我有个问题要问。
2. I am going to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken? 我明天要去北京，你有东西要带吗？ （2）在不定式作定语时。如果句中有其动作发出者用主动形式，在there be 句型中也常用不定式的主动形式但是如果强调动作本身，用被动式也可以。例如：
1. Give me something to eat, please. 请给我点东西吃。 2. There are many plans to make/ to be made. There is nothing to do/to be done.
但是：There is nothing to speak of 不要用to be spoken of There is plenty to eat. 不要用 to be eaten. 4. 疑问词跟不定式的结构
动词不定式可以和疑问词搭配构成不定式短语，在句子中可做主语，宾语，表语，同位语相当于名词性从句；和关系代词搭配作定语，就相当于定语从句。例如：
How to solve the problem is a big problem. (做主语) I don’t know what to do next step.（做宾语）
What made me confused was how to do the work well.（做表语）
She has only one dollar and eighty-seven cents with which to buy her husband a gift.（做定语） 5. 不定式的语法作用
不定式在其内部具有动词特点所以它可以带有自己的修饰语，同时它还具有名词，形容词，副词的性质，所以在句子中可以充当主语，宾语，定语，状语，表语，补足语，插入语。
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（1）不定式做主语
不定式做主语常指比较具体的要做的事情。但总的说来和动名词区别不大。例如：
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek. 爱与被爱是一个人所能寻找的最大幸福。 For one to know everything is difficult.
How to get rid of rats and flies is a big problem. There is no greater shame than for you to forget her.
动词不定式在做主语时常用it替代，而把动词不定式放到表语或宾语的后面。例如： It is not always easy to tell a lie.
It requires a lot of money to build a house. It is impossible for one to know everything. It is unknown to us what to do and where to go.
在下列结构中一般用不定式做主语：It is important/essential/necessary to do sth.。而在下列结构中常用动名词做主语: It is no good/no use/ no help doing sth.。例如：
It is important for us students to learn English well. It is necessary to tell him about that.
It is no good doing evil even toward evil people. （2）动词不定式做宾语
动词不定式一般可做及物动词的宾语，动名词也可以做宾语，介词后面常跟动名词做宾语，除了but，except，besides等少数的介词之外。例如：
I proposed to abolish/abolishing the rules. We omitted to do/doing it.
He neglected to pay/paying the fee.
动名词也可以做宾语他们之间的区别在于：不定式表具体，动名词表一般。试比较：I don’t like to play basketball today. I don’t like playing basketball.
但是有些及物动词只能跟动词不定式做宾语，这些动词如下：wish, hope, expect, manage, pretend, plan, decide, determine, fail, intend, promise, long, afford, arrange等等。例如：
John decided to marry her. I cannot to afford to get sick.
They wished to have organized a party.
He failed to pass the exam though he tried his best.
但是，下列动词则要求必须跟动名词做宾语：advise, suggest, forbid, permit, enjoy, mind, finish, excuse, admit, miss, dislike, can’t help(禁不住), can’t stand, practice, imagine, resist, resolve等。例如：
He had finished doing his homework before his mother came back. I couldn’t help laughing at his words.
If you want to learn English well, you must practice speaking it as often as possible.
有些动词跟不定式和跟动名词表示的时间不一样，如regret, remember, forget。跟不定式表示没有做过的事情；而跟动名词则表示做过的事情。例如：
I regret to tell you that you are dismissed. I remember meeting him somewhere before.
Don’t forget to take your umbrella in case it rains.
有些动词跟不定式和动名词表示的意思不同。如stop, mean, try等。例如： After a long walk, he stopped to have a rest.
They stopped talking as soon as the teacher came in. I didn’t mean to hurt you.
The heavy rain means our staying one more day here. Why not try taking a boat to give yourself a change. I tried to persuade him but failed.
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另外，在动词want, need, require 的后面一般跟不定式做宾语，跟单个的动名词则是主动表被动,如果带有的修饰成分较长也可以用不定式的被动式。例如：
He wants to see you and tell you something important. The watch needs mending since it can’t work properly.
动词不定式一般不做介词宾语，但是在but, except, besides, than, instead of, about, save后面可以做介词宾语。例如：
He is about to leave the city.
We saw no alternative but/except/save to fight. Nothing remains but to wait and see. 3）动词不定式做状语
动词不定式做状语时，一般表示目的，有时表示出乎意料的结果。在形容词的后面时有时表示原因，形容词一般是glad, sorry, proud, angry, ashamed excited, disappointed, interested等等表示感情的词。例如： I’m sorry to hear that. 表原因
He is amazed for Mary to receive that letter from a stranger.表原因 He is happy for his daughter to marry a rich man.表目的
In order for his son to study abroad, he has been very thrifty for ten years. 表目的 He escaped the sword only to perish by famine. 他躲过了战争却死于饥荒。表结果 He tried to kill himself only to be saved. 表结果
做状语的不定式，可做评注性状语，对整个句子加以评述。例如下面的短语就常做这类状语： To be honest, to speak frankly, to speak generally, to cut a long story short 等等 （4）不定式做表语
不定式做表语，一般都是回答主语（表示物或事情）是什么，有的书上解释成做主语补足语；动名词也有类此的用法，它们之间的区别在于：不定式一般比较具体，带有更多的修饰成分；动名词较抽象，一般带有的修饰成分少。分词做表语多是说明主语所处的状态, 特点, 性质,等等。例如： My purpose is to help him.
His plan was to set up a big company.
His hope is for every student to work eight hours a day.
What impressed him most was to see the great changes that had happened there. 给他印象最深的是看到那里所发生的巨大变化。不定式做表语
The mountain is covered with snow all around the year. 山上终年覆盖着雪。过去分词做表语
比较：The glass is broken. 那个玻璃杯坏了。The glass was broken by him.那个玻璃杯是他打坏的。 To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。不定式或动名词做表语。
My advice is for you to apologize to her. 我的建议是你向他道歉。不定式做表语。 The story he told us is very interesting. 他给我们讲的故事很有趣。
但是，当主语是人或有时是物时，不定式出现在be，remain，等系动词的后面表示要做的事情较多。例如： The letter is for you to answer.
He is to blame. He is something to blame. Something remains to do.
在seem，appear， prove等系动词的后面表示状态。例如： He seems to know it. He appears to be jobless.
The method proved to be effective.
Be to do 可表示将来计划好安排好的事情，可表示上级对下级的吩咐，要求，命令，也可以表示命中注定要发生的事情。例如：
You are to die at eighty-two. （上天安排。） One is to struggle for one’s living. （自然安排） You are to be back by ten o’clock. （吩咐） Nobody is to say such a thing. （禁令）
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If you are to study in Europe, you must learn about a foreign language. Apples are to (can) be bought everywhere. （5）动词不定式做补足语
不定式做补足语常表示经常发生，反复发生的动作。也可以表示瞬间完成的动作；现在分词做补足语表示正在发生的事情，或表示一个过程；过去分词表示被动，多数表示完成，但有些没有完成意思。例如： He saw him come in. 我看见他进来了。比较：I saw him coming in. 我看见他正走进来。 I often see him play on the playground. I just saw him playing the playground. They had the light burning all the night. 他们让灯整夜的亮着。 She will have her hair cut this afternoon. 她今天下午去理发。
动词want，order的后面有跟动词不定式的被动式表示被动，表示要做事情。例如： They don’t want the land to be built. 他们不想让土地用于建筑。
The emperor ordered all the walls to be joined up. 皇帝命令把所有的城墙都连接起来。 We believe him to be honest. He declared the rumor to be false.
在下列动词的后面不定式做宾补时，需要省略to：feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, look at, see, watch, notice, observe, help等，但是变成被动语态时，省略的to必须在加上。例如： I will have him do it for me. He watched the painter paint the door. I felt the house shake. Let him come at seven.
I was made to get up early yesterday. The house was felt to shake. （6）不定式做定语
不定式做定语时，放在不修饰词的后面，常表示要做的事情，带有很强的目的性，如果句中有其动作的发出者常用主动式，强调要做也可以用被动式，如果没有其动作的发出者，则常用被动式。例如： He has a lot of things to do.
The manager told the secretary he had a report to be typed. （从句中） An attempt to climb the mountain will be made. The order for the army to start was given. He needs love to strength his broken heart. There is no need to set up at once.
不定式同被修饰词有多种关系，主要如下：1主谓关系，2 同位关系，3 动宾关系 4 形容词与状语的关系，5 动词与宾补关系，等等。例如：
His fear to see his former wife is natural. 同位关系
His invitation to attend the wedding was true. 动词与宾补关系 He has a brother to teach him English. 主谓关系 He has a house to live in. 动宾关系
His eagerness to help his mother is doubtful. 形容词与状语关系
动词不定式用法二十练
1. My advisor encouraged _____ a summer course to improve my writing skilling. A. for me to take B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
2. As we know, the problem _____ at the meeting at the coming weekend is very important to us. A. discussing B. to discuss
C. to be discussed D. to be discussing
3. There are five pairs _____ , but I’m at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing
4. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving _____ their products more competitive. A. to make B. making
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C. to have made D. having made
5. ---Do you mind if I open the window?
---Sorry, but I feel a bit cold. You’d better _____ . A. not to open the window B. not to C. not open D. not
6. Sandy could do nothing but _____ to his teacher that he was wrong. A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit
7. The flu is believed _____ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused
C. to be caused D. to have caused
8. She searched the top of the hill and stopped _____ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
9. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
10. ---Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg everyday? ---_____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting
C. To get D. To be getting
11. Though I can’t make the model ship _____ faster, the model plane can be made _____ higher by any of the boys here.
A. sail; to fly B. to sail; fly C. to sail; to fly D. sail; fly
12. With a lot of difficult problems _____ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling
C. to settle D. being settled
13. It is better to lose one’s life than _____ . A.if you lose your spiritB. losing his spirit C. to lose one’s spirit D. your spirit getting lost
14. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _____ everything. A. to tell B. to be told
C. to be telling D. to have been told
15. Last summer I took a course on _____ . A. how to make dress B. how dress to made
C. how to be made dress D. how dress to be made
16. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
17. I would love_____ to the party last night but I had to wor k extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone
18. Rather than _____ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _____ a bicycle. A. ride; ride B. riding; ride
C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding
19. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _____ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told
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C. telling D. told
20.---Tomorrow is a holiday. Why are you doing your homework? ---I’m doing this exercises now so that I won’t have _____ on Sunday. A. to do B. them C. it D. to
【答案解析】
1. 答案 Dencourage是一个能够带不定式做宾语补足语的动词，其结构为encourage sb to do sth.
2. 答案 C本题考查的是动词不定式做定语。不定式做定语表示“未做、要做”；the problem和discuss之间是被动关系。
3． 答案 B从题意可知，“有五双鞋可供选择”，而不是“选五双鞋”。 4． 答案 Astrive to do sth.是固定的用法。
5． 答案 D由had better (not) do sth 这一结构可以看出A、B是不对的；另外不定式所表示的动作在题干中是第二次提到，所以该不定式可以省略，只保留否定副词not。
6． 答案 A题干中的but意思是“除了”，此时如果它的前面有do的某种形式，则其后的动词不定式要省去to，反之要保留。 do nothing but do sth意为：“只能做某事”。
7. 答案 C题干中涉及的句型为“S + be + believed to do/to be done sth”，分析题干可以知道，the flu和cause之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。全句意思是：“这种流行性感冒是由病毒引起的，这些病毒擅长在人的鼻子和喉咙的细胞里繁殖（病毒）”。
8． 答案 C本题考查了stop的用法。stop doing sth“停止做某事”；stop to do sth“停下来去做某事”。
9． 答案 Bremain + to do /to be done是remain 的重要用法，C应该排除；因为it指代的是上文中提到的事情，所以它和see之间存在被动关系，这样A项也是错误的；D项不合题意。
10． 答案 C根据上下文的意思，答语部分是一个省略句，意思是：“为了在你身体成长时期能获得足够的蛋白质和营养成分”。只保留了目的状语。
11． 答案 Amake是“使役动词”，它后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式要略去to，但当这类动词用作被动语态时，则要保留to。
12． 答案 C“with + n. + to do/doing/done”中的动词分别表示“要做”、“在做”、“做了”三种意义。所以A、B、D三项时态明显错误。
13． 答案 C分析题干我们可以看出，比较连词than连接了两个并列的动词不定式。 14． 答案 D不定式的完成时态表示该不定式所表示的动作在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前就已经完成；还可以从上下文看出，she和tell之间的关系是被动的。因此应是appear to have been done sth。 15． 答案 A本题考查“疑问词+动词不定式”的用法。
16． 答案 Ashould love to do sth 是一个固定搭配，这样可以排除C、D两项；再根据题干主语和之后动词不定式的被动关系，其结构应该是should love to be done。
17． 答案 DWould love to have done的意思是：“过去愿意（打算）做而未做”。题意是：“我昨天晚上本来是想来参加晚会，但是不得不加班写一个报告”。
18． 答案 Cprefer to do…rather than do…“宁愿做……而不做……”，也可以是rather than do…prefer to do 19． 答案 B题意：“新闻记者匆匆赶到机场，结果被告之电影明星已经离开了。”动词不定式常用来表示一种意料之外的结果。
20． 答案 D题干中答语的意思是：“我现在做练习，以便我在星期天就不用做了”。根据结构，不定式指代的是上文中出现过的动作，应该使用动词不定式的省略形式，即保留to，其他全部略去。
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