信用证 LC

2020-05-08 10:16

Letter of Credit explained What is a letter of credit?

A Letter of Credit (LC) is a document issued by your bank that essentially acts as an irrevocable guarantee of payment to a beneficiary. This means that if you do not perform your obligations, your bank pays. The letter of credit can also be the source of repayment of the transaction meaning that the exporter will get paid with the redemption of the letter of credit. Let me give you an example:

For simplicity sake lets imagine that your company imports radios from a Korean manufacturer called Seoul Manufacturing, which banks at First Seoul Bank. Your company currently banks at First American Bank

For the purpose of this example these will be the roles that the parties will play in the letter of credit transaction:

Your company : applicant

Seoul Manufacturing : beneficiary受益人

First American Bank : Issuing Bank 开证行临时负债 First Seoul Bank : Advising Bank

The example: You want to buy $50,000 worth of radios from Seoul Manufacturing, which agrees to sell the merchandise and gives you 60 days to pay it with the condition that you provide them with a 90 days letter of credit for the full amount. The steps to get the LC would be as follows:

1)You go to First American Bank and request a $50,000 letter of credit with Seoul Manufacturing as a beneficiary.

2)The bank goes through its underwriting process. Although the bank is not advancing money, they are extending credit on your behalf and are taking on a contingent liability. If your company qualifies from a credit standpoint the LC is issued.

3)Even if your company does not qualify for credit, you can still get an LC if you are willing to put cash collateral CD secured letters of credit are very common for small business .

4)The bank sends a copy of the letter of credit to First Seoul Bank, which lets the vendor knows and the merchandise is shipped. advancing money预付款 contingent liability临时负债

Take into consideration that the letter of credit itself might be the source of repayment of the transaction. It could be that Seoul Manufacturing is interested in getting paid as soon as the merchandise is shipped. Therefore, the letter of credit will indicate that payment shall be made as soon as Seoul Manufacturing can present proof of shipping.

If the letter of credit that your vendor requires is not tied to a particular transactions, but they are asking for a guarantee that makes sure that you will not default. They are probably asking for a Stand-By letter of credit or a Revolving letter of credit. These types of LCs are usually for a longer term. Usually a year and are the vendor?s guarantee that they will get paid.

The example above describes the simplest of letter of credit transactions. Although there are other factors involved such as the role of correspondent banks and confirmations, the thing that you should be concerned as a customer is expediency and the fees involved, which can run anywhere from 1.5% to 8% of the value of the LC

TYPES OF LETTERS OF CREDIT

Revocable letter of credit

Just like the name says the LC can be revoked by the Issuing Bank without the agreement of the beneficiary. Irrevocable letter of credit不可撤销信用证

指信用证一经开出,在有效期内,未经受益人及有关当事人的同意,开证行不能片面修改和撤销,只要受益人提供的单据 符合信用证规定,开证行必须履行付款义务。

Can not be cancelled or amended without all the parties agreement. Standby letter of credit备用信用证

又称商业票据信用证、担保信用证。指开证行根 据开证申请人的请求对受益人开立的承诺承担某项义务的凭证。即开证行保证在开证申请人未能履行其义务时,受益人只要凭备用信用证的规 定并提交开证人违约证明,即可取得开证行的偿付。它是银行信用,对受益人来说是备用于开证人违约时,取得补偿的一种方式

Guarantee of payment. If the beneficiary does not get paid from its customer it can then demand payment from the Bank by forwarding the copy of the invoice that was not paid and supporting documentation.

Revolving letter of credit循环信用证。指信用证被全部或部分使用后,其金额又恢复到原金额,可再次使用,直至达到规定的次数或规定的总金额为止。它通常在 分批均匀交货情况下使用。在按金额循环的信用证条件下,恢复到原金 额的具体做法有:

①自动式循环。每期用完一定金额,不需等待开证行的通知,即可自动恢复到原金额。

②非自动循环。每期用完一定金额后,必须等待开证行通知到达,信用证才能恢复到原金额使用。

③半自动循环。即每次用完一定金额后若干天内,开证行末提出停止循环使用的通知,自第×天起即可自动恢复至原金额。

It is established when there are regular shipments of the same commodity between supplier and customer. Eliminates the need to issue an LC for each individual transaction信用证(Letter of Credit,L/C)

Chinese

信用证是一种由银行依照客户的要求和指示开立的有条件的承诺付款的书面文件。其当事人有:

(1)开证申请人(Applicant).向银行申请开立信用证的人,在信用证中又称开证人(Opener)。

(2)开证行(Opening/Issuing Bank)。接受开证申请人的委托开立信用证的银行,它承担保证付款的责任。

(3)通知行(Advising/Notifying Bank)。指受开证行的委托,将信用证转交出口人的银行,它只证明信用证的真实性,不承担其他义务。

(4)受益人(Benificiary)。指信用证上所指定的有权使用该证的人,即出口人或实际供货人。

(5)议付银行(Negotiating Bank)。指愿意买入受益人交来跟单汇票的银行。 (6)付款银行(Paying/Drawee Bank)。信用证上指定付款的银行,在多数情况下,付款行就是开证行。

信用证方式的一般收付程序

(1)开证申请人根据合同填写开证申请书并交纳押金或提供其他保证,请开证行开证。

(2)开证行根据申请书内容,向受益人开出信用证并寄交出口人所在地通知行。 (3)通知行核对印鉴无误后,将信用证交受益人。

(4)受益人审核信用证内容与合同规定相符后,按信用证规定装运货物、备妥单据并开出汇票,在信用证有效期内,送议付行议付。

(5)议付行按信用证条款审核单据无误后,把贷款垫付给受益人。 (6)议付行将汇票和货运单据寄开证行或其特定的付款行索偿。 (7)开证行核对单据无误后,付款给议付行。 (8)开证行通知开证人付款赎单。

信用证主要内容

(1)对信用证本身的说明。如其种类、性质、有效期及到期地点。 (2)对货物的要求。根据合同进行描述。 (3)对运输的要求。

(4)对单据的要求,即货物单据、运输单据、保险单据及其它有关单证。 (5)特殊要求。

(6)开证行对受益人及汇票持有人保证付款的责任文句。

(7)国外来证大多数均加注:“除另有规定外,本证根据国际商会《跟单信用证统一惯例(1993年修订)》即国际商会500号出版物 (《UCP500》)办理。” (8)银行间电汇索偿条款(T/T Reimbursement Clause)。

信用证支付方式的特点

信用证是一种银行信用 《UCP500》规定:信用证是一项约定,按此约定,根据规定的单据在符合信用证条件的情况下,开证银行向受益人或其指定人进行付款、承兑或议付。信用证是一种自足文件 《UCP500》规定:信用证与其可能依据的买卖合同或其他合同,是相互独立的交易。即使信用证中提及该合同,银行也与该合同无关且不受其约束。信用证是一种单据的买卖《UCP500》规定:在信用证业务中,各有关方面处理的是单据,而不是与单据有关的货物、服务及其他行为。只要受益人或其指定人提交的单据表面上符合信用证规定,开证行就应承担付款或承兑并支付的责任。

信用证的种类

(1)以信用证项下的汇票是否附有货运单据划分为:跟单信用证及光票信用证。

(2)以开证行所负的责任为标准可以分为:

①不可撤销信用证。指信用证一经开出,在有效期内,未经受益人及有关当事人的同意,开证行不能片面修改和撤销,只要受益人提供的单据 符合信用证规定,开证行必须履行付款义务。

②可撤销信用证。开证行不必征得受益人或有关当事人同意有权随时撤销的信用证,应在信用证上注明“可撤销”字样。但《UCP500》规定: 只要受益人依信用证条款规定已得到了议付、承兑或延期付款保证时,该 信用证即不能被撤销或修改。它还规定,如信用证中末注明是否可撤销, 应视为不可撤销信用证。

(3)以有无另一银行加以保证兑付,可以分为:

①保兑信用证。指开证行开出的信用证,由另一银行保证对符合信用证条款规定的单据履行付款义务。对信用证加以保兑的银行,称为保兑行。 ②不保兑信用证。开证行开出的信用证没有经另一家银行保兑。

(4)根据付款时间不同,可以分为:

①即期信用证。指开证行或付款行收到符合信用证条款的跟单汇票或装运单据后,立即履行付款义务的信用证。

②远期信用证。指开证行或付款行收到信用证的单据时,在规定期限内履行付款义务的信用证。

③假远期信用证。信用证规定受益人开立远期汇票,由付款行负责贴现,并规定一切利息和费用由开证人承担。这种信用证对受益人来讲,实际上仍属即期收款,在信用证中有“假远期”(Usane L/C Payable at Sight)条款。

(5)根据受益人对信用证的权利可否转让,可分为:

①可转让信用证。指信用证的受益人(第一受益人)可以要求授权付款、承担延期付款责任,承兑或议付的银行(统称“转让行”),或当信用证是自由议付时,可以要求信用证中特别授权的转让银行,将信用证全部或 部分转让给一个或数个受益人(第二受益人)使用的信用证。开证行在信用证中要明确注明“可转让”(Transferable),且只能转让一次。

②不可转让信用证。指受益人不能将信用证的权利转让给他人的信用证。凡信用证中末注明“可转让”,即是不可转让信用证。

(6)循环信用证。指信用证被全部或部分使用后,其金额又恢复到原金额,可再次使用,直至达到规定的次数或规定的总金额为止。它通常在 分批均匀交货情况下使用。在按金额循环的信用证条件下,恢复到原金 额的具体做法有: ①自动式循环。每期用完一定金额,不需等待开证行的通知,即可自动恢复到原金额。

②非自动循环。每期用完一定金额后,必须等待开证行通知到达,信用证才能恢复到原金额使用。

③半自动循环。即每次用完一定金额后若干天内,开证行末提出停止循环使用的通知,自第×天起即可自动恢复至原金额。

(7)对开信用证。指两张信用证申请人互以对方为受益人而开立的信用证。两张信用证的金额相等或大体相等,可同时互开,也可先后开立。它多用于易货贸易或来料加工和补偿贸易业务。

(8)对背信用证。又称转开信用证,指受益人要求原证的通知行或其他银行以原证为基础,另开一张内容相似的新信用证,对背信用证的开证行只能根据不可撤销信用证来开立。对背信用证的开立通常是中间商转售他人货物,或两国不能直接办理进出口贸易时,通过第三者以此种办法来沟通贸易。原信用证的金额(单价)应高于对背信用证的金额(单价),对背信用证的装运期应早于原信用证的规定。

(9)预支信用证。指开证行授权代付行(通知行)向受益人预付信用证金额的全部或一部分,由开证行保证偿还并负担利息,即开证行付款在前,受益人交单在后,与远期信用证相反。预支信用证凭出口人的光票付款,也有要求受益人附一份负责补交信用证规定单据的说明书,当货运单 据交到后,付款行在付给剩余货款时,将扣除预支货款的利息。

(10)备用信用证。又称商业票据信用证、担保信用证。指开证行根 据开证申请人的请求对受益人开立的承诺承担某项义务的凭证。即开证行保证在开证申请


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