嵌入式 Linux 应用：概述
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题 目 基于Linux的拼音输入法设计
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嵌入式 Linux 应用：概述
译文题目： 嵌入式 Linux 应用：概述 原文题目：Embedded Linux applications: An overview 原文出处：Internet source : http://www.ibm.com/developer- -works/cn/linux/embed/embl/overview/index.html
Embedded Linux applications: An overview
Linux now spans the spectrum of computing applications, including IBM's tiny Linux wrist watch, hand-held devices (PDAs and cell phones), Internet appliances, thin clients, firewalls, industrial robotics, telephony infrastructure equipment, and even cluster-based supercomputers. Let's take a look at what Linux has to offer as an embedded system, and why it's the most attractive option currently available.
One. Emergence of embedded systems
The computers used to control equipment, otherwise known as embedded systems, have been around for about as long as computers themselves. They were first used back in the late 1960s in communications to control electromechanical telephone switches. As the computer industry has moved toward ever smaller systems over the past decade or so, embedded systems have moved along with it, providing more capabilities for these tiny machines. Increasingly, these embedded systems need to be connected to some sort of network, and thus require a networking stack, which increases the complexity level and requires more memory and interfaces, as well as, you guessed it, the services of an operating system.
Off-the-shelf operating systems for embedded systems began to appear in the late 1970s, and today several dozen viable options are available. Out of these, a few major players have emerged, such as VxWorks, pSOS, Neculeus, and Windows CE.
Two. Advantages/disadvantages of using Linux for your embedded system
Although most Linux systems run on PC platforms, Linux can also be a reliable workhorse for embedded systems. The popular \approach of Linux, which makes it easier and more flexible to install and administer than UNIX, is an added advantage for UNIX gurus who already appreciate the operating system because it has many of the same commands and programming interfaces as traditional UNIX.
The typical shrink-wrapped Linux system has been packaged to run on a PC, with a hard disk and tons of memory, much of which is not needed on an embedded system. A fully featured Linux kernel requires about 1 MB of memory. However, the Linux micro-kernel actually consumes very little of this memory, only 100 K on a Pentium CPU,
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including virtual memory and all core operating system functions. With the networking stack and basic utilities, a complete Linux system runs quite nicely in 500 K of memory on an Intel 386 microprocessor, with an 8-bit bus (SX). Because the memory required is often dictated by the applications needed, such as a Web server or SNMP agent, a Linux system can actually be adapted to work with as little as 256 KB ROM and 512 KB RAM. So it's a lightweight operating system to bring to the embedded market.
Another benefit of using an open source operating system like Embedded Linux over a traditional real-time operating system (RTOS), is that the Linux development community tends to support new IP and other protocols faster than RTOS vendors do. For example, more device drivers, such as network interface card (NIC) drivers and parallel and serial port drivers, are available for Linux than for commercial operating systems.
The core Linux operating system itself has a fairly simple micro-kernel architecture. Networking and file systems are layered on top of the micro-kernel in modular fashion. Drivers and other features can be either compiled in or added to the kernel at run-time as loadable modules. This provides a highly modular building-block approach to constructing a custom embeddable system, which typically uses a combination of custom drivers and application programs to provide the added functionality.
An embedded system also often requires generic capabilities, which, in order to avoid re-inventing the wheel, are built with off-the-shelf programs and drivers, many of which are available for common peripherals and applications. Linux can run on most microprocessors with a wide range of peripherals and has a ready inventory of off-the-shelf applications.
Linux is also well-suited for embedded Internet devices, because of its support of multiprocessor systems, which lends it scalability. This capability gives a designer the option of running a real-time application on a dual processor system, increasing total processing power. So you can run a Linux system on one processor while running a GUI, for example, simultaneously on another processor.
The one disadvantage to running Linux on an embedded system is that the Linux architecture provides real-time performance through the addition of real-time software modules that run in the kernel space, the portion of the operating system that implements the scheduling policy, hardware-interrupts exceptions and program execution. Since these real-time software modules run in the kernel space, a code error can impact the entire system's reliability by crashing the operating system, which can be a very serious
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vulnerability for real-time applications.
An off-the-shelf RTOS, on the other hand, is designed from the ground up for real-time performance, and provides reliability through allocating certain processes a higher priority than others when launched by a user as opposed to by system-level processes. Processes are identified by the operating system as programs that execute in memory or on the hard drive. They are assigned a process ID or a numerical identifier so that the operating system may keep track of the programs currently executing and of their associated priority levels. Such an approach ensures a higher reliability (predictability) with the RTOS time than Linux is capable of providing. But all-in-all, it's still a more economical choice.
Three. Different types of Embedded Linux systems
There are already many examples of Embedded Linux systems; it's safe to say that some form of Linux can run on just about any computer that executes code. The ELKS (Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset) project, for example, plans to put Linux onto a Palm Pilot. Here are a couple of the more well-known small footprint Embedded Linux versions:
ETLinux -- a complete Linux distribution designed to run on small industrial computers, especially PC/104 modules.
LEM -- a small (<8 MB) multi-user, networked Linux version that runs on 386s. LOAF -- \
uClinux -- Linux for systems without MMUs. Currently supports Motorola 68K, MCF5206, and MCF5207 ColdFire microprocessors.
uLinux -- tiny Linux distribution that runs on 386s.
ThinLinux -- a minimized Linux distribution for dedicated camera servers, X-10 controllers, MP3 players, and other such embedded applications.
Software and hardware requirements
Several user-interface tools and programs enhance the versatility of the Linux basic kernel. It's helpful to look at Linux as a continuum in this context, ranging from a stripped-down micro-kernel with memory management, task switching and timer services to a full-blown server supporting a complete range of file system and network services.
A minimal Embedded Linux system needs just three essential elements:
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A boot utility
The Linux micro-kernel, composed of memory management, process
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