1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作
如：The audience is laughing at the joke.
I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!
2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。
如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.
They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.
3）重复发生的动作，和always一起使用，通常带有否定的附加含义 如：You are always making the same mistakes!
Sue is always changing her mind.
3．我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于： 1）重复的经历。
如：He has hosted the show eight times.
Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.
2）过去发生的事情，但对现在有影响的事情。
如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!
Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors
later on in life.
3）过去开始，但现在仍在发生的事情。 如：People have always enjoyed laughing.
Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.
4．我们用现在完成进行时态来谈论从过去开始，持续到现在，并且还有可能继续进行的事情。
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如：Doctors have been researching that question.
The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show
to start.
第二单元
时态的概要2：过去和将来时态
过去时态用来谈论过去的事情，包括一般过去时态，过去进行时态，过去完成时态等。 1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论发生在过去并且现在已经结束的事情。 如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.
2．我们用过去进行时态来谈论发生在过去，并且持续了一段时间的事情。 如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud. 3．我们用过去完成时态来谈论：
1）在过去的过去发生并且在过去的某一个动作发生之前就已经结束的事情。
如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could
do to get better.
2) 在过去的一个动作发生的同时所发生的事情。
如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a
dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.
将来的时态用来讨论将来的事情，包括一般将来时态，将来进行时态，过去将来时态等。 1．我们用一般将来时态来讨论将来将要发生的事情。
如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.
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一般将来时态的结构：
1）will shall （用于提供有关将来的信息）
如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.
I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.
2）be going to+do （用于谈论将来的计划和意图） 如：Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.
2．我们用将来进行时态来谈论始于将来并且要持续一段时间的动作。 如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.
3．我们用过去将来时态来谈论在过去的时间被提起的时候发生在将来的事情。
如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going
to win her event.
第三单元
非真实条件句
非真实条件句阐述的条件或情况是不真实的或是想象的。
1．我们用非真实条件句来阐述不真实的或想象的一个现在的条件。 如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.
I could reach the book if I were a bit taller. If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.
2．我们用非真实条件句来指代一个想象的过去的动作。
如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we
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were talking abut!
If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.
3．我们用非真实条件句来谈论想象的将来的情况。
如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you. 4．非真实条件句的构成：
现在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…
过去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done… 将来 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do… 注：would，could，might经常可以互换，但在意思上有一些不同。 Would表意图，计划；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性 非真实条件句还有几点需要注意：
1．在书面英语或正式的场合中，我们通常用were来代替条件句中的was.但在日常谈话中，was也经常用到。
如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us. 2．在表将来的非真实条件句中，还可以用were to/should
如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.
If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.
3．在非真实条件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were， had放在条件句的前面。 如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.
Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now. Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.
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4．在if从句中还可以用到could+ have done 来表示非真实的条件。
如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.
第四单元
非真实条件句：其它情况
非真实条件句还有以下其它情况。
1．当主句是有关现在发生的事情，而从句是有关过去发生的事情，或相反，我们可以用混合的条件句。
如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer
to the question now.
If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.
2．我们用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 开头的短语来替代if条件句，来表达隐含的条件的意思。
如：With (if I had) more money, I could help more people in need.
Without (If we didn’t have) the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.
But for the ( If there was no ) help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.
I’m too busy now, otherwise/or (If I weren’t so busy) I would help you do the work.
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