为 156°。对比而言，平整的 BP-AZ-CA 高分子模板表面接触角只有 82°。
图4
4.5气相沉积法
江雷教授的研究小组报道了利用化学气相沉积(CVD)法在石英基底上制备了各种图案结构，如蜂房状、柱状和岛状的阵列碳纳米管膜，如图5所示[26]。结果表明，水在这些膜表面的接触角都大于160°，滚动角都小于5°，纳米结构和微米结构在表面的阶层排列被认为是产生这种高接触角，低滚动角的主要原因。
图5
5制备超疏水表面材料存在的问题
在制备超疏水表面过程中,往往要构建微纳米级的双微观结构,正是由于微纳米级的粗糙结构再覆以低表面能物质使得具有优良的疏水性能。但是在实际生活和工农业生产中其表面难免会受到摩擦、撞击和冲压等作用,导致粗糙结构遭到破坏,从而使疏水性能受损。
目前的制备方法大多都采用特殊的材料,或者特殊昂贵的设备,而且构建的操作过程繁琐。所有的这些因素都增加了超疏水表面构建的生产成本,也制约了大面积生产的可行性,很难适合工业生产的要求。因此,寻求生产成本低廉、操作步骤简单、设备易得的制备方法,是研究人员在未来要解决的几大首要问题。
6总结
本文介绍了超疏水材料的性质、应用、转变、制备以及存在的问题等。详细介绍了超疏水材料在流体减阻中、抗腐蚀中、建筑防污耐水等领域内、微流体控制方面的应用和常用的几种制备方法。
参考文献
[1] 徐先锋，刘烁等. 非金属超疏水材料的制备方法及研究进展[J]. 中国塑料，2013，
27(5):12-18
[2] 田庆文. 超疏水材料的制备及性能研究[D]. 长春理工大学, 2012
[3] Choi C, Westin K, Breuer K. Apparent slip flows in hydrophilic and hydrophobic
microchannels[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2003, 15: 2897-2902
[4] Watanabe K, Udagawa Y, Udagawa H. Drag reduction ofNewtonian fluid in a circular pipe
with a highly water-repellent wall[J]. Jounrnal of Fluid Mechnics, 1999, 381: 225-238 [5] Bechert DW, Bruse M, Hage W. Experiments with three-dimensional riblets as an idealized
model of shark skin [J].Experiments in fluids, 2000, 28(5): 403-412
[6] Koeltzsch K, Dinkelacker A, Grundmann R. Flow overconvergent and divergent wall
riblets[J]. Experiments in fluids, 2002, 33(2): 346-350
[7] 王家楣, 曹春燕. 船舶微气泡减阻数值试验研究[J]. 航海工程, 2005, 2: 21-23
[8] 徐中, 徐宇, 王磊等. 凹坑形表面在空气介质中的减阻性能研究[J]. 摩擦学学报, 2009,
29(6): 579-583
[9] 刘涛.金属基体超疏水表面的制备及其海洋防腐防污功能的研究[D].博士学位论文.中国
海洋大学,2009
[10] 刘通,刘涛,陈守刚,程莎,尹衍升.超疏水表面改善铝基材料的抗海水腐蚀性能[J].无机化
学学报,2008; 24: 1859-1863
[11] Y Yin, T Liu, S Chen, T Liu,S Cheng. Structure stability and corrosion inhibition of
super-hydrophobicfilm on aluminum in seawater[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2008; 255: 2978-2984
[12] Lahann, J., Mitragotri, S.,TranT. N., Kaido, H., Sundaram, ,J.,Choi,, I. ,S.; Hoffer,
S. ,Somorjai ,G. ,Langer, R.. A Reversibly Switching Surface[J].Science 2003, 299, 371.
[13] Isaksson, J.; Tengstedt, C.; Fahlman, M.; Robinson, N.; Berggren, M.; A
Solid-State Organic Electronic Wettability Switch[J].Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 319.
[14] Zhang, J. L.; Lu, X. Y.; Huang, W. H.; Han, Y. C.; Reversible
Superhydrophobicity to Superhydrophilicity Transition by Extending and Unloading An Elastic Polyamide Film[J]. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2005, 26, 477.
[15] Wang R.; Hashimoto, K.; Fujishima, A; Chikuni, M.; Kojima, E.; Kitamura, A.;
Shimohigoshi, M.; Watanabe, T.; Light-Induced Amphiphilic Surfaces[J].Nature
1997, 288, 431
[16] Sun, T. L.; Wang, G. J.; Feng, L.; Liu, B. Q.; Ma, Y. M.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D. B.;
ReversibleSwitchingbetween Superhydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity[J]. Angew Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 357
[17] Hou, Z.; Abbott, N. L.; Stroeve, P.; Self-Assembled Monolayers on Electroless Gold Impart
pH-Responsive Transport of Ions in Porous Membranes[J]. Langmuir 2000, 16, 2401 [18] 江雷；冯琳；仿生智能纳米界面材料[M]. 北京：化学工业出版社，2005
[19] Zhang, L. B.; Chen, H.; Sun, J. Q.; Shen, J. C.; Layer-by-Layer Deposition of
Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and Sodium Silicate Multilayers on Silica-Sphere-Coated Substrate-Facile Method to Prepare A Superhydrophobic Surface[J].Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 948
[20] Larmour, J. A.; Bell S. E. j.; Saunders, G. C.; Remarkably Simple Fabrication of
Superhydrophobic Surfaces Using Electroless Galvanic Deposition[J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46:1710.
[21] Cao, Z. W.; Xiao, D. B.; Kang, L. T.; Wang, Z. L.; Zhang, S. X.; Ma, Y.; Fu, H. B.; Yao, J.
N.; Superhydrophobic Pure Silver Surface with Flower-Like Structures by A Facile Galvanic Exchange Reaction with [Ag(NH3)2]OH[J]. Chem. Commun. 2008:2692 [22] Zhu Jianzhong，Giovanni Zangari，Michael L. Reed.Three-phase contact force equilibrium of
liquiddrops at hydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science，2013（404）：179-182.
[23] Liu Hongtao，Wang Xuemei，Ji Hongmin. Fabrica-tion of lotus-leaf-like superhydrophobic
surfacesvia Ni-based nano-composite electro-brush plating[J]. Applied Surface Science，2014（288）：341-348.
[24] Chen Zhi，Hao Limei，Duan Mengmeng，et al. Elec-trodeposition fabrication of Co-based
superhydro-phobic powder coatings in non-aqueous electrolyte[J]. Appl Phys A，2013，111（2）：581-585.
[25] Liu, B.; He, Y. N.; Fan, Y.; Wang, X. G.; Fabricating Super-Hydrophobic
Lotus-Leaf-Like Surfaces through Soft-Lithographic Imprinting, Macromol[J]. Rapid Commun. 2006, 27, 1859
[26] Li, S.; Li, H.; Wang, Y.; Song, Y. L.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, L.; Zhu, D.
B.; Super-Hydrophobicity of Large-Area Honeycomb-Like Aligned Carbon Nanotubes[J]. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 9274.