徐 州 工 程 学 院 教 案
2015 年至 2016 年 第 1 学期 第 周 星期 课题名称（含教材章节）： Chapter Two English Paragraph Writing 教学目的和要求： 1. To get a general idea of what is paragraph structure; 2. To make sense of how to keep paragraph unity; 3. To master paragraph coherence. 教学重点： What is topic sentence , How to write a good concluding sentence 教学难点：Ways to obtain coherence and sentence variety 教 学 内 容 （ 要 点 ） Task 1 Introduction to the paragraph Activity 1 Introduce three parts of a paragraph Activity 2 Explain what is a topic sentence Task 2 English Paragraph Writing Activity 1 Give some examples to show how to keep paragraph unity Activity 2 practice on how to obtain paragraph coherence Activity 3 Learn by example to know what is sentence variety
徐 州 工 程 学 院 教 案 纸
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Chapter Two English Paragraph Writing Objectives: To get a general idea of importance of paragraph writing To know basic paragraph structure patterns To master paragraph unity and coherence Materials: textbook, additional teaching materials Task 1 Introduction to the paragraph Paragraphs are made up of sentences, single, correct, and effective sentences put together do not necessarily make an effective paragraph. Activity 1 Introduce three parts of a paragraph One English paragraph usually includes the following three parts: (1) Topic Sentence (2) Supporting / Developing Sentence (3) Concluding Sentence Paragraph Structure Model ? Topic Sentence ? Supporting Sentence 1 ? Supporting Sentence 2 ? Supporting Sentence 3 ? Supporting Sentence 4 ? Concluding Sentence Activity 2 Explain what is a good topic sentence Three essential points: 1. 主题句必须是一个完整的句子 2. 由主题词和主题思想的表述两部分构成 3. 只是一种概括性的陈述而不提供具体的细节 e.g. Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. Task 2 English Paragraph Writing Activity 1 Give some examples to show how to keep paragraph unity 段落的一致性是指文章基于一个统一的主题，段落内容应保持一致，每个段落只能阐述一个中心思想，每一个句子都应与主题句密切相关。 Example： Identify whether the following paragraphs are unified. Pick out any sentence which is not related to the controlling idea of the paragraph. For hundreds of years, man has made use of the talents of monkeys. Ancient Egyptian paintings show baboons gathering fruit for their masters. Even in 1879, in Abyssinia, monkeys were still being used as torchbearers at feasts. The monkeys would sit in a row on a bench and hold the lights until the guests went home. Then the monkeys would eat. Most of the world's zoos contain a variety of monkeys for people to
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watch. Activity 2 Practice on how to obtain paragraph coherence ? cohere 表示“to stick”或“to hold together”。连贯，一是指结构上的连贯；二是指内容上的连贯。 ? 具有连贯性的段落中每个句子都很合乎逻辑地与下个句子相连接。 Two Ways to Obtain Coherence ? Transition signals ? Logical order ? Chronological Order ? Spatial Order ? Order of Importance Transition Signals Transition signals are words such as first, second, next, finally, therefore, and however, or phrases such as in conclusion, on the other hand, and as a result. Think of transition signals as traffic signs that tell your reader when to go forward, turn, slow down, and stop. In other words, they tell the reader when you are giving a similar idea (similarly, moreover, furthermore, in addition), an opposite idea (on the other hand, however, in contrast), an example (for example), a result (as a result), or a conclusion (in conclusion). Transition Signals Between Paragraphs ? is that factory workers are happier.(+supporting sentences) ? In addition to increased output and worker satisfaction, factory managers report that absenteeism has declined.（+supporting sentences) ? Although flextime has produced these three positive results in some industries, it is not as advantageous in alThe first advantage is increased production per work-hour.(+supporting
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sentences) ? A second advantage l types of businesses.(+supporting sentences) ? To summarize, flextime has resulted in increased production and happier workers. Other Coherence Devices: ? Anaphora (指代) ? Coherence Through Repetition (重复) – They decided to begin again: to begin hoping, to begin trying to change, to begin working toward a goal. – During those years when I was just learning to speak, my mother and father addressed me only in Spanish; in Spanish I learned to reply. Activity 3 Learn by example to know what is sentence variety Example: Appreciate the varied sentence length in the following paragraph. (1)The life of a student is hard. (2) It is hard because there is too much work and not enough time. (3)Many people, however, think just the opposite is true. (4)They think students spend most of their time protesting, carousing, and getting into all sorts of trouble. (5)I must admit that these people are not entirely mistaken, for there are students who come to university solely to have a good time. (6)But I hardly think this characterizes most students. (7) It certainly doesn't characterize those who take their studies seriously. (8)It doesn't characterize me. ? 尽管太多的短句看上去不连贯，但短句在长句之后可以起到强调作用。 ? 在这段文字中， 最短的句子第1、6、和8句都是很强调的句子。第6句特别强， 因为它与第5句对照，这一句用最长的句子进行强调。 4
Varied Sentences Example 1: Appreciate the varied sentence structures in the following passages. ? The way football and basketball are played is as interesting as the players. Because football is a game of precision, each play is diagrammed to accomplish a certain goal. Basketball, however, is a game of endurance. In fact, a basketball game looks like a track meet; the team that drops of exhaustion first loses. Basketball players are often compared to artists, their moves and slam dunks are their masterpieces. 此处运用了名词、转承词语以及从句开头的句子，灵活多样。 Example 2: ? Because writing is a skill, it makes sense that the more you practice writing, the better you will write. One excellent way to get practice in writing, even before you begin composing essays, is to keep a daily or almost daily journal. Writing in a journal will help you develop the habit of thinking on paper and will show you how ideas can be discovered in the process of writing. A journal can make writing a familiar part of your life and can serve as a continuing source of ideas for papers. 此段中，句式的变化多样，句子开头的多样化形式以及句子间转承词语的恰当运用构成了语言优美的段落，明快流畅。 Example 3: ? And so，my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. ? My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what American will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. 这是美国第35任总统约翰﹒肯尼迪就职演说中著名的两句话。 5
Example 4: ? Let history say of us: There were golden years---when the American Revolution was reborn, when freedom gained new life, when America reached for her best. 这句话节录自美国第四十任总统罗纳德﹒里根总统连任就职发表的演说。 Homework: Write a paragraph in150-170 words on either of the topics. · two people who take different attitudes towards their studies, a physical defect, or a hardship. ·two friends of mine.
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