44. A. something B. anything
C. nothing C. detected
D. everything D. discovered D. families D. go around D. respond D. taking up D. teasing D. accompanying D. unexplained D. hopefully D. spot D. grateful
45. A. exploded B. fled 46. A. teachers
B. relatives
C. boyfriends C. go ahead C. react C. taking to
47. A. go through B. go by 48. A. adjust 49. A. taking over 50. A. minding 51. A. sending
B. apply B. taking on B. reminding
C. punishing C. assisting C. miserable C. surprisingly C. lawn C. excited
B. conveying
52. A. mysterious B. extraordinary 53. A. happily 54. A. crossroads 55. A. confident
B. sadly B. street B. content
第三部分 阅读理解（共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分）
请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
United Kingdom Visa and Passport Requirements Australian British Canadian Other EU USA Passports: To enter the United Kingdom, a passport valid for the duration of stay is required by all nationals referred to in the chart above, except (1) EU nationals holding a valid national ID card. Visas: Visas for the United Kingdom are not required by nationals referred to in the chart above for stays Passport required Yes N/A Yes 1 Yes Return ticket required Visa required No N/A No No No No N/A No No No of up to six months. Types and cost: Standard Visitor visa: ￡87; long-term visit visa: ￡330 (two years); ￡600 (five years); ￡752 (10 years). Transit: Some nationals (but not those listed above) require a transit visa. The Direct Airside Transit visa costs ￡32 and allows you to change flights in the UK, but you must not pass through immigration control and must leave within 24 hours. The Visitor in Transit visa costs ￡59 and allows you to go through border control, but you must leave the UK within 48 hours. Long-term transit visas are available to frequent travelers. Working days: The length of time taken to process visa applications depends on the nationality of the applicant and the country where you're applying. Generally, you can expect a decision within three weeks. 56. According to the requirements, visitors who apply the UK visa and passport _______. A. have to possess the EU membership and hold return tickets B. must apply visas for the UK for stays within six months C. are asked to require a transit visa and leave with 48 hours D. can usually receive a definite reply within three weeks
57. If a Chinese goes to the UK for a one-day business conference, how much will he pay for visas at least? A. ￡32
B. ￡59
C. ￡87 D. ￡146
B
Most Cancer Is Out of Our Control
LIFESTYLE OR BAD LUCK? IT DEPENDS ON THE CANCER
BASAL-CELL CARCINOMA
The most common skin cancer is triggered by exposure to UV
rays. LUNG
Smoking, and the carcinogens in tobacco smoke, are the main drivers of lung cancer. LIVER
Risk of this cancer
increases with age and heavy alcohol use.
We think we know what causes cancer: smoking, the sun’s UV rays, tumor-causing genes we inherit from Mom and Dad. But these factors alone can’t explain why cancer in its many forms is poised to edge out heart disease as America’s No.1 killer within the next few years. That rise has sparked a spate of research into how much of cancer is within our control and how much of it is simply a roll of the genetic dice.
Now, in an eye-opening study published in Science, researchers report that the majority of cancer types are the result of pure chance, the product of random genetic mutations(突变) that occur when stem cells—which keep the body chugging along, replacing older cells as they die off—make mistakes copying the cells’ DNA.
Cristian Tomasetti at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine found that the more stem cells there are in certain kinds of tissues and the more often they divide, the more likely that tissue is to develop cancer over a person’s lifetime. About 65% of cancers are the result of these DNA mistakes made by stem cells. Only a small proportion of a tissue’s cells are stem cells, which are essentially templates(范本) for making more tissue. The catch is that this kind of DNA copying is also the process behind cancer, which is triggered by cells that pick up mutations in their genes when they divide. The element of chance does not, however, mean you should stop wearing sunscreen or take up smoking.―My biggest fear is that people will do nothing. The opposite is true,‖ says Tomasetti, who stresses that while we may not be able to prevent all tumors, we can focus on early detection and taking advantage of lifesaving treatments like chemotherapy and radiation, among other
things. ―We need to do everything we did before, but we want to do it even more than before.‖ 58. Most of the cancer types are caused by ________. A. bad lifestyle B. genetic mutations 59. According to Tomasetti, ________.
A. chances of cancer increase with more stem cells dividing B. stem cells are essentially templates for making more tissue C. People should stop wearing sunscreen or take up smoking D. all tumors can be prevented through detection and radiation 60. The passage is meant to ________. A. persuade
B. inform
C
Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people. Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include feeling empathy(同感) and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people.
Prosocial behavior has long posed a challenge to social scientists seeking to understand why people engage in helping behaviors that are beneficial to others, but costly to the individual performing the action. Why would people do something that benefits someone else but offers no immediate benefit to the doer?
Psychologists suggest that there are a number of reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior. In many cases, such behaviors are fostered during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share, act kindly, and help others. Prosocial behaviors are often seen as being compelled by a number of factors including egoistic reasons (doing things to improve one's self-image), reciprocal benefits (doing something nice for someone so that they may one day return the favor), and more altruistic reasons (performing actions purely out of empathy for another individual).
Characteristics of the situation can also have a powerful impact on whether or not people engage in prosocial actions. The bystander effect is one of the most notable examples of how the situation can impact helping behaviors. The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in distress when there are a number of other people also present. For example, if you drop your purse and several items fall out on the ground, the
C. comment
D. research
C. stem cells
D. aging tissues
likelihood that someone will stop and help you decreases if there are many other people present. This same sort of thing can happen in cases where someone is in serious danger, such as when someone is involved in a car accident. In some cases, witnesses might assume that since there are so many other people present, someone else will have surely already called for help.
Why do people help in some situations but not in others? Experts have discovered a number of different situational variables that contribute to (and sometimes interfere with) prosocial behaviors. First, the more people that are present decreases the amount of personal responsibility people feel in a situation. People also tend to look to others for how to respond in such situations, particularly if the event contains some level of ambiguity. Fear of being judged by other members of the group also plays a role. People sometimes fear leaping to assistance, only to discover that their help was unwanted or unwarranted. In order to avoid being judged by other bystanders, people simply take no action.
Experts have suggested that some key things must happen in order for a person to take action. 61. Prosocial behaviors are motivated for all the following reasons EXCEPT ________. A. empathy for another individual B. instant benefits of helping others C. parental influences in the early life D. the desire to better one’s self-image
62. What does the underlined word ―distress‖ in the fourth paragraph mean? A. peace B. despair C. comfort D. trouble 63. Which situation can be described as the bystander effect?
A. When hearing an injured lady crying for help, the neighbors didn’t take action. B. Seeing an old man slipping on the icy road, many people volunteered to help. C. A woman was to give birth on the train and you were the only doctor there. D. On the scene of your colleague’s traffic accident, you called the police for help 64. After the last paragraph, the most possible topic could be ________. A. possible benefits of prosocial behavior B. various reasons for prosocial behavior C. situational influences on prosocial behavior D. skills and knowledge to provide assistance