句子
1， 概念：一个语言单位，由词按照语法规律构成，表示一个完整独立的思想。有标点符号。 2， 分类：按使用目的分类：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句 按结构分类：简单句，并列句，复合句 3，陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
（1） 陈述句说明一个事实或是陈述说话人的看法
（2） 疑问句提出问题（一般疑问，特殊疑问，选择问句，反意问句） （3） 祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等，谓语动词用原形 （4） 感叹句表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气忿等情绪 3， 简单句，并列句和复合句
（1）如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示，就是简单句 The teachers and the students all liked the place and wanted to stay there a little longer. (2) 如果句子包含有两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接,也可以用逗号隔开。 The camera-work is perfect and the cast is good. Hurry up, it’s getting late.
(3) 复合句中包含有两个或更多的主谓结构，其中有一个（或更多）主谓结构充当句子的某一（些）成分，如：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，同位语等 What I want to emphasize is this.
We should never pretend to know what we don’t know. There is something in what you said. That’s exactly what I am planning to do.
We are looking forward to the day when we will meet again. Turn off the light before you leave the room
Soon came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
主语
1， 主语可以用以下成分充当
（1）名词 A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. （2）代词 Who is speaking?
（3）数词 Two thirds of the workers are women.
（4）动名词 Living in that island country for three months was an unforgettable experience for me.
（5）不定式 To translate this idea into reality needs hard work.
（6）词组或复合结构 To each according to his work is a socialist principle. （7）从句 What has happened proves that our policy is right. （8）名词化的其它词类 “A” is an article.
2, 以it做主语的句子
(1) 代替刚提到过的一件事物 What’s this? -It is a harvester.
(2) 起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物 Who is knocking at the door? -It’s me. (3) 表示时间，天气，距离等 It is rather windy today.
(4) 改变一个句子的结构，强调这个句子中的某一成分 It’s me that he blamed.
It’s she who you should ask.
it is+.....+ that 句子其他成分强调句句型结构
(5) 代替一个由不定式，动名词短语或是从句表示的主语，使原来的这些主语可以放在句子后面，免得句子头重脚轻。
It is foolish of you to be still worrying about it. It is no use doing something.
no good useless senseless nuisance worthwhile waste dangerous 这些单词可以用于后面接动名词的结构 3, 用从句做主语的句子
（1）由what等代词引起的主语从句
What they are after is profit. Be after 追求，追逐 （2）由连词that引起的主语从句 It’s not your fault that this has happened.
（3）由连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句
When they will come hasn’t been made public. The time that they will come 4,以there引起的句子，主语就是be动词后面的东西
有时也用seem to be, happen to be, be likely to be, be bound to be, live, come, enter, stand, occur, lie这些结构来引起
There happened to be nobody in the room.
Once there lived an old fisherman in village by the sea. There used to be a cinema here.
谓语
1，分类：
(1)简单谓语：只有一个动词的谓语 (2)复合谓语：由多个部分构成 情态动词+ 动词，系动词+表语 2，主谓一致
如果主语是一个抽象概念，谓语动词都用单数形式 Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
当主语中包含有and时，如果表示一个单一概念，谓语要用单数动词，否则用复数动词 To try and fail is better than not to try at all. (1) 如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, no less than, like, but except
等引起的短语，谓语动词仍旧用单数形式：
An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. Nobody but Jack and Amy was there.
(2) each和由 some，any, no, every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待： Each of us has something to say. Is everybody ready?
What, who, which, any, more, most, all等代词可以是单数，也可以是复数，主要靠意思决定 Which is your room? Here is some more.
None 作复数看待时较多，但也有时作单数看待，主要看说话人脑中联想的是复数还是单数概念。
None of the books are easy enough for us. None of us has got a camera.
None在代表不可数的东西时总是看做单数 None of this worries me.
Either, neither通常作单数看待
Neither of us has gone through regular training. (3) People, police, cattle, poultry等通常作复数。 Cattle are grazing on the pasture.
有些集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来决定。 The public consists of you and me. The class are reading.
有些名词单复数同形，可根据意思决定谓语动词的数。 This new series is beginning next month Where are the headquarters?
(4) number, variety, proportion, majority, population等词有时作单数看，有时作复数，主要从
意思上来决定。
A number of books have been published on the subject. The majority of the water is polluted.
(5) 当一个句子有两个主语，而它们又是由either…or或neither...nor连接起来时，谓语通常
和最邻近的主语一致。
Either you or Tom is to do the work.
Neither my wife nor myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
There或here引起，而主语又不止一个，谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致。 There was carved on the board a dragon and a phoenix.
宾语
1，分类
直接宾语&间接宾语
She has ordered two tickets for the seven-thirty show. Please show me your passport. 2,宾语的充当
(1)名词：Show your passports, please!
(2)代词：They didn’t promise him anything definitely. Define (3)数词：How many do you need?-We need two.
(4)名词化的形容词或其它东西：The stretcher teams carried the seriously wounded. (5)动名词：I enjoyed working with you. (6)不定式：Hope to see you again.
(7)复合结构：You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. (8)从句：See that everything is ready by half past ten 3,复合宾语
（1）名词（或代词）+不定式: The doctor advised Mary to have more exercise.
（2）名词（或代词）+分词：We had the photograph taken when we were working in the fields. （3）名词（或代词）+名词：They made the girl vice-director of the factory. Make sb sth （4）名词（或代词）+形容词：He proved himself worthy of confidence. 4,宾语从句
（1）由连接代词或副词引起的宾语从句：Could you tell me where you are from? （2）由关系代词型what等代词引起的宾语从句：We always mean what we say. （3）由that引起的宾语从句：He requested that the Premier grant him an interview. 5直接引语和间接引语
1.________ makes mistakes must correct them. A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever
2. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for
3.When and why he came here ________ yet. A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known
4. ________ is no reason for dismissing her. A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late
C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late
5. ________ Tom liked to eat was different from ________. A. That…that you had expected B. What …that you had expected C. That…what you had expected D. What…what you had expected
6.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good. A. If...do B. That...do C. If...does D. That...does
7.It ________ Bob drives badly.
A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that
8.It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing. A. if B. that C. whether D. how
9.________ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry. A. That B. What C. How D. Which
10.____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have. A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what
11.____ you don't like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether
12..____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
13._________is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee. A. That B. Why C. How D. Who
14._______we'll finish translating the book depends on the time. A. When B. Why C. What D. That