11. a. If time permits, we’ll go picnicking tomorrow. b. Time permitting, we will go picnicking tomorrow. 12. a. Her mother being ill, she had to stay at home and take care of her mother. b. Because her mother is ill, she got to stay at home and take care of her mother.
13. a. She failed the exam, and we were surprised. b. Her failure to pass the exam surprised us.