A. Summers misunderstood both the importance of Nightingale's achievements during the
Crimean War and her subsequent influence on British policy.
B. The editors of Nightingale’s letters made some valid points about her practical
achievements, but they still exaggerated her influence on subsequent generations.
C. Although Summers’ account of Nightingale’s role in the Crimean War may be accurate;
she ignored evidence of Nightingale’s subsequent achievement that suggests that her reputation as an eminent social reformer is well deserved.
D. The editors of Nightingale's letters mistakenly propagated the outdated idealization of
Nightingale that only impedes attempts to arrive at a balanced assessment of her
true role.
E. The evidence of Nightingale's Letters supports Summers’ conclusions both about
Nightingale’s activities and about her influence.
PREP2012-Pack1-RC-003-05 VRC07619-05 Medium In the last paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
A. summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs
B. refuting the view of Nightingale's career presented in the preceding paragraph
C. analyzing the weaknesses of the evidence presented elsewhere in the passage
D. citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale’s career
E. correcting a factual error occurring in one of the works under review
PREP2012-Pack1-RC-004
Customer loyalty programs are attempts to bond customers to a company and its products and services by offering incentives— such as airline frequent flyer programs or special credit cards with valuable benefits—t0 loyal customers. In support of loyalty programs, companies often invoke the “80/20" principle, which states that about 80 percent of revenue typically comes from only about 20 percent of customers. However, this profitable 20 percent are not necessarily loyal buyers, especially in the sense of exclusive loyalty. Studies have
demonstrated that only about 10 percent of buyers for many types of frequently purchased consumer goods are 100 percent loyal to a particular brand over a one-year period. Moreover, 100-percent-loyal buyers tend to be light buyers of the product or service. “Divided loyalty” better describes actual consumer behavior, since customers typically vary the brands they buy. The reasons for this behavior are fairly straightforward: people buy different brands for different occasions or for variety, or a brand may be the only one in stock or may offer better value because of a special deal. Most buyers who change brands are not lost forever; usually, they are heavy consumers who simply prefer to buy a number of brands. Such multiband loyalty means that one company's most profitable customers will probably be its
competitors’ most profitable customers as well.
Still, advocates of loyalty programs contend that such programs are beneficial because the costs of serving highly loyal customers are lower, and because such loyal customers are less