第三篇 讨论地核物质成分,科学家根据地震波传导的快慢,确定了地核的成分与地表的成分不同。然后科学家发现火山爆发出来的物质有钻石,证明地球深层是一个高温高压的环境,因为钻石只能在这种情况下产生。 然后来了一段很长的,TMD,如果他分开好了。说根据陨石里面的材料来判定地核的材料。因为科学家可以估计地核的密度,如果发现陨石的密度与地核密度差不多,很有可能他们的element(元素成份)是相同的。有一道题目问地核的构成物质最多是什么,有iron, silicon(硅),还有两个忘记了。唉,高中物理都忘记咯,气死
第四篇 玛雅文明 玛雅文明在公元前900年后的发展, 主要几个region原来是独立的,后来就有融合了,但又不是完全融合,有自己的特点
第五篇 生物适应性(1月13号 阅读 ) 主要介绍了沙漠中的动植物是如何适应极端环境的。首先说了沙漠最大的问题就是缺水,如何适应这种缺水环境就是各种动植物存活的关键。然后说了植物是如何适应缺水环境的:有些是周期性植物,只在湿度较高时才生长;常年生长的植物采取另一些办法,例如,叶子表面产生一层蜡质,减少水分蒸发;有些叶子成了刺;有些的根系特别发达;等等。然后,另起一段将动物是如何适应的:产生高盐度的尿液,调整呼吸,等等。随后,还对比了在 沙漠和在极地生活的同一种动物的异同。
第六篇MS第一次出现(12月16号) 1 生物学: 植物的defense system,以及科学家为证实 defense system对于 deter animal feeding on them有很大的用处。有一道题是,食草东西虽然吃他们的种子,却也帮助他们传播和繁殖。
2 modification of weather 多年来人们一直努力改变天气。最初是发现一战期间,降雨增多(可能与武器使用有关),美国农业部开始试验。后来 1946 年,有个员工发现干冰能让 supercooled water become snow particles.文章给 supercool 下了定义就是低于零度但是还没有结冰。于是人们开始用 dry ice和 silver iodide来进行人工降雨。其原理就是 dry ice makes the moisture freeze into ice particles and the surrounding moisture(潮湿,水分,降雨量,湿度) freeze around it.也就是为降雨提供了凝结核。后来文章说有人担心这样下去会使地面水体的含银量增高,但是调查并没有显示这个说法。这种 cloud seeding 办法继续发展,用别的物质替代干冰。但是很多人 concern 这种办法,会对 local 的环境带来影响,但是并无定论。 第七篇北美
1. 关于一个叫 smith 的人,小的时候就喜欢收集石头,长大后开始研究岩石层,在采石场的工作,他有大量的机会去研究 rock and fossil,后来还提出了一套理论, 现 fossil 更能提供时间的准确信息,后来,他和另一个科学家发现动物的区系可以帮助确认化石的年代,说这些理论至今都还有用后来,有人认为植物的分科也可以用于化石和岩石的研究。 一道词汇题 rudimentary=basic.
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2 关于英国殖民者占领美洲大陆,比较了印第安土著和英国殖民者的不同,前者注重与自然的和谐发展,后者更想把英国的经验照搬。 北美的原著民用不危害自然的方法进行砍伐树木,种植,狩猎。(但是事实上树木还是减少了)。后来英国殖民者进入,发现大片的土地空闲着,他们觉得浪费就 开始修了一堆的东西。文章里面还引用了一段话来说明英国人想把这里变成另一英格兰。他们居住的地方都接近河流,为的是方便 shipment and travel (这里有题)。殖民者想要完全的掌控自然环境,但是失败了,他们才慢慢转换了对于环境的看法。 一道词汇题Mastery=control Listening
神经元细胞 (四道题)
lecture神经胶质细胞研究。教授说早期对人类大脑的研究集中在神经细胞neuron,让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容,男生说生物电bioelectricity 通过神经细胞传导,通过两个神经细胞的接触点传到下一个细胞,有趣的是…说到这里被教授打断,说他答得已经很完整了(有题,问教授打断他的用意)。神经胶质细胞glial cells的作用在早期被忽视了,人们认为胶质细胞只有支持神经细胞的作用。后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用,不是通过生物电,而是化学物质传导。于是总共有三种传导方式,神经细胞间,胶质细胞间,神经和胶质细胞互相传导。而且发现胶质细胞的数量及其巨大,远多于神经细胞。同时还可能有修复神经细胞,决定哪些神经长的大[记得可能不准]。教授又说,胶质细胞可能与智力有关,越多智商越高,但这不确定。教授说对胶质细胞的研究是一个很open up的领域,建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作深入研究(有题)。 重要:biology 讲glial cell。以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于neuron(神经元),也叫nerve cell。神经传导通过electrical communication从一个结点传到另一个结点,神经元被认为起主要作用,glial cell研究的很少,一直被忽略,被看作help the growth of neurons (出题),起辅助作用。后来偶然发现大脑中glial cell比neuron的数目多很多,glial cell引起了科学家的重视,开始研究它究竟起什么作用(此处出题,问glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的)。后来有一重大突破, 发现glial cell传导信号不是用的electrical signal,而是用chemical conductor(一说chemical communication)(此处出题)。传统观点一直误以为glial cell也像nerve cell一样用电信号。后来谈到glial cell可能的作用:使人更intelligent。对glial cell的认识目前十分有限,但相关研究已经开始流行,是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题(此处出题) Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentally discover that glial’s amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract people’s attention. They use chemical conductor to communicate with others. So glial to neuron, g to n, g to g, n to n are all available. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell.
Glial cells (神经胶质细胞)and Neurons (神经细胞)
Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glial cells are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.
Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the \胶水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place固定, to supply nutrients
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and oxygen to neurons供养, to insulate one neuron from another隔开, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons破坏病菌,转移死神经细胞.
Glial was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 'connective tissue' in the brain大脑的连接组织.The human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. Following its discovery in the late 19th century, this fact underwent significant media distortion, emerging as the famous myth claiming that \The role of glial cells as managers of communications in the synapse突触 gap, thus modifying learning pace, has been discovered only very recently
In addition to neurons, the nervous system is populated with another category of cells, glial cells. Glial cells are approximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons, but since they are approximately one-tenth the size, they take up equal size, glia is a Greek term meaning glue, researches originally believed that glial cells served as the putty that held the neurons together, and recent research indicates that these cells provide very important contributions.
A neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, integrate, and transmit information, the flow of information moves in the following direction.
ID Problem 女学生丢了钱包(里面有她的student id& meal card& key等东西.),无法回dorm。于是去student service办id card,遇到staff(口音像是一位黑人大叔)把守,说没有id card 不能进去,要么出示driving license,要么是有头像照片的本本,比如passport什么的。但是女生说,我的wallet丢了,id card没了,passport也在dorm里面,而没有id card,dorm不让进(有题目,问她为什么拿不到passport?)。后来女说这个问题她和dorm负责人说过,有email 到这里做说明,staff查了查,果然如此,然后staff又说如果你能正确说出passport 的number,就让她进去,女学生从容的说出了number,他说OK,你可以进去了,但是你会受到监视.MM说, who cares! MM又说了:她的meal card也掉了.管理员说:你在里面办ID的时候也可以顺便办了meal card. MM说:你真的是帮了我很大的忙啊! 管理员:if you have some other problems, I am glad to help you. MM, you help! (降调的)à有考到态度题,问MM为什么这么说?(记得两选项:1.MM怀疑这个管理员是不是能帮他. 2.MM在解决了所有的问题之后如释重负.)
浪漫主义诗歌 literature 主要讲了18-19 世纪英国浪漫主义(Romanticism)诗歌的代表人Ward Sworth的诗。他是浪漫主义的鼻祖,但浪漫主义这个称谓是后人加上的,不是他们本身这样称呼自己的(此处出题)。Romanticism不是我们平时理解的romance,和男女之间的爱情无关。Romanticism针对的是common people而不是少数educated people,用的是simple language,描述的是日常生活中常见的事物,孩子,人类情感,以及自然和人类之间的互动。教授以自己为例,说自己在散步时感受到了这种互动(此处出题)与romanticism针锋相对的一种风格是neoclassicism新古典主义,也是那位romanticism的鼻祖很反对的。neoclassicism使用太多的elaboration,如sky不叫sky,而叫blue什么的;bird不叫bird,而叫feathered person。教授把该诗人的作品分为三个阶段。早期的浪漫主义作品,主要描述植物的(花与草)诗歌。 中期时是对一些社会现象的评论。后期时对早期的作品进行修改。目前文学界还是认为它早期的作品是最好的。(教授还说,他的诗越写到后来越糟糕,反而早期的比较好,本文重点讲了他第一阶段的诗)。
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Word Sworth, as we have said, is the chief representative典型的 of some of the most important principles原则 in the romantic movement, but he is far more a member of any movement, through his supreme poetic expression of some of the greatest spiritual ideals he belongs among the five or six greatest English poets.
first, he is the profoundest (最渊博的)interpreter of nature in all poetry. His feeling for nature has two aspects. he is keenly sensitive, and in a more delicately discriminating way than any of his predecessors, to all the external beauty and glory(赞颂) of nature, especially inanimate(无生命的) nature of mountains, woods and fields, streams and flowers, in all their infinitely(无限地) varied aspects. A wonderful joyous and intimate sympathy(同情) with them is one of his controlling impulses(推动力).
In the second place, Word Swoth is the most consistent of all the great English poets of democracy, though here as elsewhere his interest is mainly not in the external but in the spiritual aspect of things.
The obstinacy(固执) and these poems are only the most conspicuous(显著的) result of w's chief temperamental(喜怒无常的) defect, which was an almost total lack of the sense of humor. Regarding (关于)himself as the prophet(提倡者) of a supremely(崇高的) important new gospel(信条), he never admitted the possibility of error in his own point of view and was never able to stand aside from his poetry and criticize(批评,评论) it dispassionately(平心静气地).
鸟类迁徙bird migration 一个学生找老师因为他要写的bird migration的报告,但找不到足够多的材料,老师认为不可能材料不够(出现考点:问教授这话什么意思,答案是她认为找resource应该easy),男生说因为他要写得paper是关于古代鸟类迁徙的,所以资料不够。教授的说:“哦你确实找到了一个好的题目,但是你要知道我的要求是你们的论文要反映你们这学期学了什么。”后来他说想写关于Aristotle关于这个题目的看法之类的,老师说她的要求是希望他们运用所学知识研究来完成paper 不要做summarization,希望他换一种想法,可以写以前的old theory, 然后现在的这些新研究如何支持或者驳斥这些theory,接着他想到可以写bird migrate at night,人们大多只看到大鸟,所以认为小鸟在大鸟的翅膀下迁徙什么的,其实新发现是因为小鸟晚上飞(通过说这个topic来验证自己理解了老师的意图change the topic from ancient to recent)。后来他又想写一种不迁徙而是冬眠的鸟,又被老师拒绝了,老师说才15页的报告就不要那么折腾成这样,但是想法挺不错。最后老师希望他一周后再来一下,看一看他确定的方向。 People think small birds do not migrate. But birds migrate at night and the small birds are under the wing of big wings. So they are invisible to people. Then the student wants to write a bird that not migrate but hibernate, but the teacher denies his idea. At last, the teacher hopes that he can come a week later and see his new topic.
He can not find sufficient material for the bird migration. But the teacher thinks it is impossible. Then he wants to write some ideas from Aristotle. But the teacher says that her request is to apply their knowledge to accomplish the paper. So he should change the topic.
Ragtime music Ragtime介绍了一种流行于美国十九世纪左右名为ragtime的音乐,能够表现年青人的活力(spirit of youth)之类的,此乐流行是由于piano的关系,因为两者真是太搭配了。在那个年
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代,在各种场合都用钢琴。此乐当时流行程度,(like Rock & Roll在某一时期一样)。这里出现考点,女学生说了一堆后,来了一句 I just don't get it,意思是要教授explain,还说piano 之所以当时那么受欢迎,一是因为它能与音律产生和谐,另一是因为当时它算一种财富地位的象征什么的symbol of wealth and status。再加上,那个年代,大家都没钱,就去public concert or restaurant什么的听音乐,而piano声音够响亮,又和ragtime music rhythm搭配的天衣无缝,所以,两者相得益彰这个音乐年轻人很喜欢,因为很有激情。除了到处演出啊,park演出等不用钢琴,因为难搬(出现考点)because of transportation problem。 同时,此乐也是 jazz的前身,因为演奏者不按牌理出牌,一首曲七个人弹,弹出七种调。 这种regtime音乐影响很远啊,例如现在的jazz就是从那发展来的。
Ragtime 拉格泰姆音乐(1890-1915期间在美国流行的一种音乐)
Ragtime is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1899 and 1918. It has had several periods of revival since then and is still being composed today. Ragtime was the first truly American musical genre, predating jazz. It began as dance music in popular music settings years before being published as popular sheet music for piano. Being a modification of the then popular march, it was usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time (meter) with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd-numbered beats and chords on even-numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand. A composition in this style is called a \ rag written in 3/4 time is a \
Ragtime is not a \3/4 meter; it is rather a musical genre that uses an effect that can be applied to any meter. The defining characteristic of ragtime music is a specific type of syncopation in which melodic accents fall between metrical beats. This results in a melody that seems to be avoiding some metrical beats of the accompaniment by emphasizing notes that either anticipate or follow the beat. The ultimate (and intended) effect on the listener is actually to accentuate the beat, thereby inducing the listener to move to the music. Scott Joplin, the composer/pianist known as the \the effect \and intoxicating\He also used the term \in describing how to play ragtime music: \slowly until you catch the swing...\The name swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz that developed from ragtime. Converting a non-ragtime piece of music into ragtime by changing the time values of melody notes is known as \Original ragtime pieces usually contain several distinct themes, four being the most common number.
大王花Rafflesia 教授一开始就介绍植物分类,提到分类中的species种,genus属,order目。说植物的classification 很难,一些特性比较特殊的植物特别是这个样子。提出植物的分类不能完全依靠它flower的形态和特性。提到Rafflesia(大王花),开花石会散发腐臭的味道,以吸引蝇类传播花粉。她举了Indonesia的一种植物M,它的flower很特别,超级大(图片显示它的直径有一个手臂这么长,颜色为绛红,也许会牛人知道它是何种植物),有难闻的味道,象什么肉,但是最后发现他们不是一个order 的。生长在很恶劣的环境中,其它的植物都不能生长(题目一:它生长在什么样的环境当中?) 这种植物有事物的来源,但是它还是会抓insect吃,因为它不能从土壤中得到足够的营养,所以要通过这种方式来获取所需的营养(题目二:为什么吃虫?)然后教授说了它怎么抓虫的? 经过很长时间的研究,专家发现它和violet(紫罗兰)、willow(柳树) 等是属于一个order的,后提到幼时的violet,也会散发那种smell的。提到共
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