▲Did you come by train?
▲ Did you come in his car/on my bike?
Through 表示媒介，方法， 作“以， 通过， 经由”解。 I obtained my position through a friend. He succeeded through hard work.
Through a frank exchange of views, a new start has been made. We send letters through the post office. With 表示方式，方法，手段。
1） 表示行为的方式，意为 “以，带着， 用” You will get over that with practice. You came back with some food. I have no money with me.
We are well provided with food and clothing.
2) 表示使用具体的工具或手段： He writes with a pen.
We saw the strange bird with our own eyes. He killed the mad dog with bare hands.
表示通过某种手段或方式时， by 和through 有时可通用， 但by的意思更明确，用的更普通。 当through所表达的意思超过一般的媒介手段（如上例中的through a friend=by the influence of a friend）时，就不能换用by。
在表示手段时， by， through， with 有时也可换用，但with的意思更明确
e.g. Through/by/ with his efforts Edison succeeded in making so many useful inventions. 3) with 引起的复合结构表示状态，境况等。
With + 名词或代词+ 介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词+ 句子 9. 表原因
简单介词： through, with, from, for, at 表示原因的区别
介词短语：due to, owing to, because of, on account of, thanks to.
Through 表原因，作“因为”解， 常和neglect, carelessness, mistake, fault 等连用， 表示偶然或消极的原因， 如疏忽，过错， 不慎等。 He cut himself through carelessness.
The experiment failed through no fault of ours.
With 表示原因，指由于外界影响到内部， 意为“因为，由于” He is down with high fever.
The little girl was shivering with cold.
From 表示动机，疲劳，痛苦， 死亡等原因： She did it from a sense of duty. He often dozed off from tiredness. She felt tired from a whole day?s work.
For 常表示为了某一目的，事业的原因。 Forgive me for keeping you waiting. The boys all jumped for joy at the news.
At 表示原因， 指“当听到，看到，想到”等
She looked surprised at seeing us. At this news they felt very glad.
Due to 常用作表语，现代英语中也可以用作状语。 Our delay is due to traffic jam.
That Shelly became a poet may have been due to his mother?s influence. Later, he was released due to poor health. Owing to 多用作状语，不作表语。
Owing to his lack of experience, John failed to do the work well. Now his crops completely failed, owing to a disease that had set in. Because of 和on account of 常用作状语，不做表语。
Because of her bad leg, Jane couldn?t walk as fast as the others. At first Philip hesitated on account of the expense.
但主语若不是一个名词，而是一个事实，because of 和 on account of 可用作表语 We stayed at home; that was because of the snow.
His health is failing, that is on account of the lack of healthy forms of exercise. Thanks to 只用作状语，不作表语。 Thanks to your kind help, we finished early.
Thanks to your generous donation, we can rebuild our laboratory. 10. 表价格，比率， 对比。 At, by, for, against 区别 At 表比率，单位， 价格
You bought this bike at a high price.
The population is growing at a surprising rate. The train runs at about 120 miles an hour. She will get it at any cost.
Normally, we walk at a / the speed of four miles per hour. By 表示度量单位或标准，‘以…..计’等 1） 表示 按照， 相当于 according to。 It is nine o?clock by my watch.
I set my watch by the standard clock of the custom house. 2) 表示“以…计”，‘成….地买（卖）’， 有以下两种结构 ① by+ the+ 计量单位（必须用单数） Meat is sold by the pound. They are paid by the hour. He buys them by the hundred. ②接复数数词（不加冠词）
The words in a book are counted by thousands. 3) 表示 尺寸，距离， 增减程度。
The hole high up in the wall is about 18 cm by 9 cm.
Industrial production rose by nearly two-fifths in the past three years. Adam is my senior by five years. For 表示交换或交换值
They rented it to us for fifteen dollars a month. He agreed to give her 500 dollars for the picture.
Against 表示对比
We have six girl students in our class this year against ten last year. Against the U.S. dollar its value increased by more than 15 percent.
11. 表属性，特性 Of ，with “of + 名词” 1） 用作后置定语
A man of wisdom, fifty years of age 2) 作表语
This matter is of great importance
此类抽象名词有： age, color, help, height, length, no use, shape, size, thickness, width. 日常应用中，of 常被省略。
I am afraid my book will not be (of) much help to you. It is (of ) no use learning without practice. I want another pair of shoes (of) the same size. 3) “be of a + 名词” 表示不同物质的共同性质。 Birds of a feather flock together. These songs are of a type.
With 表示属性，特性时， 后面接的通常不是抽象名词， 而是具体名词， 用于说明人或事物的形状。
A coat with four pockets
A magazine with a pretty girl on the cover. 12. 表示比较
As， like 后接名词也常用来表示比较
“as+ 名词”用于描述某人的工作， 身份， 所扮演的角色或某物的作用，即比较对象 “本身就是”
Simon?s working as a waiter during the summer vacation. Use you payroll number as a password for the computer.
“like+ 名词” 用于比较两个看上去相似的东西，即比较对象“貌似而其实不是” They were behaving like children!
When Mike puts on his dark suit he looks like a waiter. Ⅲ 短语中介词的搭配 1. 动词+介词+副词
Add up to, be up to, break away from, catch up with, come out with, come up with, date back to, do away with, face up to, get down to , get on with , go in for, go through with, keep up with, live up to, look down on/ upon, look up to, look forward to, make up for, (be) made up of, put up with, run out of 2. 动词+名词+介词
Catch sight of，get rid of, find fault with, have interest in, keep an eye on, lose sight of, make fun of , make friends with, make a fool of, put an end to, take delight in, set fire to, take hold of, take notice of, take part in, take pity on, take pride in, take advantage of. 3. 介词惯用短语
1） as
as a result, as a rule, as a matter of fact, as far as, as follows, as for/to, as is known to all, as
such, as regards, as yet 2) at
At a loss, at any rate, at ease, at liberty, at length, at leisure, at no time, at random, at the cost of, at (the) best, at the latest, at the price of, at the risk of, at will, at one?s / its + 形容词最高级， at all events, at the mercy of , at large, at one?s wits? end. 3) beyond
Beyond doubt, beyond belief, beyond expression, beyond expectation, beyond question, beyond the reach of, beyond imagination, beyond repair, beyond one?s power, beyond that, beyond one?s control, beyond measure, beyond compare/ comparison
4) by
by accident/ chance, by mistake, by means of , by agreement, by and large, by contrast, by all means, by no means, by virtue of, by heart, by reason of, by turns, by the way, by way of. 5) for
for the benefit of, for all, for the purpose of , for fear of, for the sake of, for short, for sure/ certain, for good, for the better, for the worse. 6) in
in a word, in the case of, in case of , in detail, in advance, in existence, in brief, in fashion, in common, in particular, in debt, in return, in effect, in short, in favor of, in stock, in general, in addition to, in no case, in contrast to, in a/no way, in honor of, in person, in terms of, in relation to, in (the) face of, in regard to, in the hope of, in store, in store for, in that, in return (for) , in turn, in the light of , in sight, in view of, in connection with, in comparison with/ to 7) on
on account of , on an / the average, on behalf of, on credit, on business, on guard, on holiday, on one?s mind, on leave, on purpose, on that occasion, on the spot, on the air, on sale
8) out of
out of balance, out of breath, out of control, out of danger, out of date, out of fashion, out of order, out of proportion, out of mind, out of place, out of range, out of reach, out of question, out of the question, out of repair, out of tune, out of sight, out of shape, out of stock, out of touch. 9) under
under arrest, under age, under control, under consideration, under discussion, under investigation, under repair, under way. 10) with
with a light heart, with an effort, with efficiency, with ease, with one voice, with pleasure.