《学术英语读译》2013~2014学年秋季学期
____________________, ___________________. ↓
The transitional sentence in paragraph 2 is _____________________________. It raises ___________________. Also it serves as the topic sentence of that paragraph. ↓
Paragraph 3 and 4 expand the discussion on the issue whether _________________. ↓
The transitional sentence in paragraph 5 is ____________________________. ↓
The two follow-up paragraphs (6 and 7) focus on the discussion of ______________ in IQ tests. ↓
Paragraph 8 describes the __________________________________of IQ tests. ↓
The author ends up the article by telling us_________________________. III. Translate the following Chinese passage into English.
从事智力研究的心理学家主要就以下三个问题展开讨论。第一、智力是单一的还是由若干智能因素构成？现在比较流行的是由美国哈佛大学心理学家霍华德·加德纳提出的多元智能理论。第二、智力主要取决于遗传因素还是环境因素？这个问题见仁见智，未有定论。第三、智力测验是否有偏差？对此，专家们的回答是肯定的。2012年，加拿大的一个研究团队借助互联网进行了一项大规模的智力调查，发现一个人的智力由多个因素构成，无法仅用智商反映，智力测试并无意义。但是即便如此，在今天这个高度发展的社会，几乎人人都或多或少地受到过智力测验的影响。 Unit 4 Down and Out in Paris and London
by George Orwell
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《学术英语读译》2013~2014学年秋季学期
1 You discover the extreme precariousness of your six francs a day. Mean disasters happen and
rob you of food. You have spent your last eighty centimes on half a litre of milk, and are boiling it over the spirit lamp. While it boils a bug runs down your forearm; you give the bug a flick with your nail, and it falls, plop! Straight into the milk. It is hours before you dare venture into a baker‘s shop again. 2
You go to the baker‘s to buy a pound of bread, and you wait while the girl cuts a pound for
another customer. She is clumsy, and cuts more than a pound. ―Pardon, monsieur,‖ she says, ―I suppose you don‘t mind paying two sous extra?‖ When you think that you too might be asked to pay two sous extra, and would have to confess that you could not, you bolt in panic. There is nothing for it but to throw the milk away and go foodless. 3
You go to the greengrocer‘s to spend a franc on a kilogram of potatoes. Bread is a franc a
pound, and you have exactly a franc. But one of the pieces that make up the franc is a Belgian piece, and the shopman refuses it. You slink out of the shop, and you can never go there again. 4
You have strayed into a respectable quarter, and you see a prosperous friend coming. For half
a day at a time you lie on your bed, feeling like the jeune squelette in Baudelaire‘s poem. To avoid him you dodge into the nearest café. Once in the café you must buy something, so you spend your last fifty centimes on a glass of black coffee with a dead fly in it. With bread and margarine in your belly, you go out and look into the shop windows. One could multiply these disasters by the hundred. 5
You discover what it is like to be hungry. Everywhere there is food insulting you in huge
wasteful piles; whole dead pigs, baskets of hot loaves, great yellow blocks of butter, strings of sausages, mountains of potatoes, vast Gruyère cheeses like grindstones. A sniveling self-pity comes over you at the sight of so much food. They are part of the process of being hard up. You plan to grab a loaf and run, swallowing it before they catch you; and you refrain, from pure funk. 6
You discover the boredom which is inseparable from poverty; the times when you have
nothing to do and, being underfed, can interest yourself in nothing. Only food could rouse you. You discover that a man who has gone even a week on bread and margarine is not a man any longer, only a belly with a few accessory organs. 7
This—one could describe it further, but it is all in the same style—is life on six francs a day.
Thousands of people in Paris live it—struggling artists and students, prostitutes when their luck is
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《学术英语读译》2013~2014学年秋季学期
out, out-of-work people of all kinds. It is the suburbs, as it were, of poverty.
Background and Culture Notes
This passage is taken from a book by George Orwell called Down and Out in Paris and London. The book, which was first published in 1933, is a memoir in two parts on the theme of poverty in the two cities. It describes the writer‘s experience when he was trying to live on very little money.
Read the passage slowly. There are six sentences in the passage which have been printed in the wrong position. Decide which are the six sentences that have been printed in the wrong position, and where they should go. Unit 5
Bringing Up Adultolescents
Millions of Americans in their 20s and 30s are still supported by their parents. The Me
Generation1 is raising the Mini-Me Generation.
by Peg Tyre 1
When Silvia Geraci goes out to dinner with friends, she has a flash of anxiety when the check
comes. She can pay her share—her parents give her enough money to cover all her expenses. It‘s just that others in her circle make their own money now. ―I know I haven‘t earned what I have. It‘s been given to me,‖ says Geraci, 22, who returned to her childhood home is suburban New York after graduating from college last year. ―It‘s like I‘m stuck in an in-between spot. Sometimes I wonder if I‘m getting left behind.‖ Poised on the brink of what should be a bright future, Geraci and millions like her face a thoroughly modern truth: it‘s hard to feel like a Master of the Universe2 when you‘re sleeping in your old twin bed. 2
Whether it‘s reconverting the guest room back into a bedroom, paying for graduate school,
writing a blizzard of small checks to cover rent and health-insurance premiums or acting as career counselors, parents across the country are trying to provide their twenty-somethings with the tools they‘ll need to be self-sufficient—someday. In the process, they have created a whole new breed of child—the adultolecsent. 3
For their part, these overgrown kids seem content to enjoy the protection of their parents as
they drift from adolescence to early adulthood. Relying on your folks to light the shadowy path to the future has become so accepted that even the ultimate loser move—returning home to live with your parents—has lost its stigma. According to the 2000 Census, nearly 4 million people between 12
See ―Background and Cultural Notes 1.‖ See ―Background and Cultural Notes 2.‖
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《学术英语读译》2013~2014学年秋季学期
the ages of 25 and 34 live with their parents. And there are signs that even more moms and dads will be welcoming their not-so-little-ones back home. Last week, in an online survey by Monster-TRAK.com, a job-search firm, 60% of college students reported that they planned to live at home after graduation—and 21% said that they planned to remain there for more than a year. 4
Unlike their counterparts in the early 1990s, adultolecsents aren‘t demoralized slackers lining
up for the bathroom with their longing-to-be-empty-nester parents. Iris and Andrew Aronson, two doctors in Chicago, were happy when their daughter, Elena, 24, a Smith1 graduate, got a modest-paying job and moved back home last year. It seemed a natural extension of their parenting philosophy—make the children feel secure enough and they‘ll eventually strike out on their own. ―When she was an infant, the so-called experts said letting babies cry themselves to sleep was the only way to teach them to sleep independent of their mother,‖ says Iris. ―But I never did that either.‖ Come fall, Elena is heading off to graduate school. Her sister, who will graduate from Stanford University this spring, is moving in. Living at home works, Elena explains, because she‘s knows she‘s leaving. ―Otherwise, it‘ll feel too much like high school,‖ says Elena. ―As it is, sometimes I look around and think, ?OK, now it‘s time to start my homework.‘‖ 5
Most adultolecsents no longer hope, or even desire, to hit the traditional benchmarks of
independence—marriage, kids, owning a home, financial autonomy—in the years following college. The average age for a first marriage is now 26, four years later than it was in 1970, and child-bearing is often postponed for a decade or more after that. Jobs are scarce, and increasingly, high-paying careers require a graduate degree. The decades-long run-up in the housing market has made a starter home a pipe dream for most people under 30. ―The conveyor belt that transported adultolecsents into adulthood has broken down,‖ says Dr. Frank Furstenberg, who heads up a $3.4 million project by the MacArthur Foundation studying the adultolecsent phenomenon. 6
Beyond the economic realities, there are some complicated psychological bonds that keep
able-bodied college graduates on their parents‘ payroll. Unlike the Woodstock generation2, the current crop of twenty-somethings aren‘t building their adult identity in reaction to their parents‘ way of life. In the 1960‘s, kids crowed about not trusting anyone over 30; these days, they can‘t live without them. ―We are seeing a closer relationship between generations than we have seen 12
See ―Background and Cultural Notes 3.‖ See ―Background and Cultural Notes 4.‖
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《学术英语读译》2013~2014学年秋季学期
since World War II,‖ says University of Maryland psychologist Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. ―These young people genuinely like and respect their parents.‖ 7
To some, all this support and protection—known as ―scaffolding‖ among the experts—looks
like an insidious form of co-dependence. Psychiatrist Alvin Rosenfeld says these are the same hyper-involved parents who got minivan fatigue from ferrying their kids to extracurricular activities and turned college admission into a competitive sport. ―They‘ve convinced themselves they know how to lead a good life, and they want to get that for their kids, no matter what,‖ says Rosenfeld. 8
By the time those children reach their 20s, says market researcher Neil Howe, their desires
for the future are often indistinguishable from the desires of their parents. ―The Me Generation,‖ says Howe, ―has simply turned into the Mini-Me Generation.‖ 9
Trying to guarantee your children the Good Life, though, can sometimes backfire. A few
years ago, Janice Charlton of Philadelphia pressured her daughter, Mary, then 26, to get a master‘s degree, even agreeing to cosign two $17,000 school loans if she did. Mary dropped out, Janice says, and the loans went into default. ―I‘m sorry I ever suggested it,‖ says Janice. ―We‘re still close but it‘s a sticky issue between us.‖
10 Many parents say they‘re simply ensuring that their kids have an edge in an increasingly competitive world. When Tom D‘Agne‘s daughter, Heather, 26, told him she was thinking about graduate school, D‘Agnes, 52, flew from their home in Hawaii to San Francisco to help her find one. He edited the essay section of her application and vetted her letters of recommendation, too. While Tom‘s wife, Leona, worried about creating a ―dependency mentality,‖ Tom was adamant about giving his daughter a leg up.
11 Parents aren‘t waiting to get involved. Campus career counselors report being flooded with calls from parents anxious to participate in their college senior‘s job search. Last fall the U.S. Navy began sending letters describing their programs to potential recruits—and their parents, ―Parents are becoming actively involved in the career decisions of their children,‖ says Cmdr. Steven Lowry, public-affairs officer for Navy recruiting. ―We don‘t recruit the individual anymore. We recruit the whole family.‖
12 The steady flow of cash from one generation of active consumers to another has marketers salivating. These twenty-somethings are adventuresome, will try new products and have a hefty
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