Harvard has produced eight American presidents and many Nobel Prize winners.
During its early years, Harvard offered a classic academic course based on the model of English universities, but consistent with the prevailing Puritan philosophy. Although many of its early graduates became ministers in Puritan churches throughout New England,
the university was never formally affiliated with a specific religious group.
Under President Pusey, Harvard started what was then the largest fundraising campaign in the history of American higher education.
It was an 82.5-million-dollar program for the university. The program increased faculty salaries, broadened student aid, created new professorships,
and expanded Harvard's physical facilities.
NeiI L. Rudenstine took office as Harvard's 26th president in 1991.
As part of an overall effort to achieve greater coordination among the university's schools and faculties,
Rudenstine encouraged academic planning and identified some of Harvard's main intellectual priorities.
He also stressed the importance of the university's excellence in undergraduate education,
the significance of keeping Harvard's doors open to students from families of different economic backgrounds,
and the task of adapting the research university to an era of both rapid information growth and serious fund shortage. Keys: 1.B 2.A 3. C 4.D 5.D Viewing and speaking:
Task 1:University budget cuts Script Host: Well, David Lammy, the University Minister, joins me from Westminster.
Now thanks for joining us this lunchtime,
Mr. Lammy. How do these cuts... tie in with your much trumpeted commitment to increasing higher education?
Interviewee: Well, I think it's important to remind viewers that we will spend well over 12 billion pounds on higher education this year and to also say that there will be more students at university next year than ever before in our history.
But what is important is that when they get to university, is that they have good facilities, good buildings,
that they have good contact with their lecturers and, for students from poorer backgrounds that they receive a grant. And you know 40 percent of students who are going to university are in receipt of some grants. So we have to plan...
Host:But there's going to be less money next year. That's the bottom line, isn't it?
Interviewee: Er, we are asking universities to make a one percent cut in their teaching grant.
That's 51 million out of a total budget of over five billion. Look, I think there are families across the country preparing for Christmas spending a bit less and they're, you know, it's a lot more than one percent that they're, they're feeling.
So I think this is reasonable to ask universities if we are to ensure that we can continue to send more young people to university and we remain committed to that.
Host:And briefly, what about these two-year degrees? This is a reduction in standards, isn't it?
Interviewee:Well, we, we, we... It's important in this country that we remember that students aren't just the classic 18- to 21-year-old undergraduates. We want mature students. We want more parttime students and over the last few years we've been growing the number of foundation degree,
two-year degrees that ensure that transition into high university and high level skills.
That's what we want to support and that's what we're indicating in the grant letter that we've sent to universities over the last few days.
Host:OK. David Lammy, thank you so much for joining us. Interviewee:Thank you. Keys:
(1)increasing (2)12 / twelve (3)more
(4)facilities (5)lecturers (6)poorer (7)grant (8)one (9)budget (10)less (11)young (12)classic (13)part-time (14)growing (15)two-year
Task 2:Talk after viewing Script
There will be more students at universities next year than ever before in our history.
When they get to university, they have good facilities, good buildings, as well as good contact with their lecturers. Students from poorer backgrounds receive a grant.
40 percent of students who are going to university will receive some sort of grant. Unit 1 test Part I
Keys: 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.D Part II (1)for (2)with
(3)opportunity (4)tuition (5)explore (6)encounter (7)adventure
(8)As with any country, it is not advisable to carry large amounts of cash around with you
(9)Traveler's checks are one of the safest and easiest ways to transport money, because you may have them replaced if they get lost or stolen
(10)It is wise to bring about $100 with you in U.S. cash, so you will be able to manage upon your arrival in the States Part III
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A Part IV
1.C 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.C
Uint2
Our globe is in danger! I.Lead in Task 1:
sandstorm ; air pollution ; deforestation
water pollution ; melting polar ice cap ; light pollution drought ; desertification ; littering
II. Basic Listening Practice
Keys: 1.B 2.D 3. A 4.A 5.C
III. Listening In
Task 1:We should have proper respect for nature! Script:
Martha:Do you think most people in your culture respect nature?
Ed:I think so. Um... more now than before.
Martha:What do you think is the most serious environmental problem in the world today?
Ed: Today... I think damage to the ozone layer is a big problem, and another problem is pollution in big cities and things like that.
Martha: How do you learn about environmental problems?
Ed: Um... through school. A lot of clubs promote environmental safety, and some TV programs, too. They talk about environmental safety and stuff like that.
Martha: Do you think students should learn more about the environment at school? Ed: I think so. So, as they grow older, they can be more aware of all the problems that are going on, and also to prevent more problems from occurring.
Martha: If you could create a new law to help the environment, what would it be? Ed: A new law for the environment? Um... I'd probably say that when people throw away their cigarette butts, they have to throw them into the garbage bin, not just throw them everywhere because it's just littering and I hate that. So they should be fined if they throw them on the floor or on the ground.
Martha: That's a good idea. What do you personally do to help protect the environment?
Ed: I'm so against littering. I never litter. If I see somebody litter, I get really angry. So I always throw my trash into the garbage bin. Keys: (1)nature
(2)environmental problem (3)pollution (4)promote (5)aware of (6)from occurring (7)law (8)throw away (9)fined (10)trash
Task 2:River pollution Script: