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c. 支持: 有表示举例的关联词
? 作者意图: 对应原文如果有表示举例的关联词,则答案在当前句之前出现,否则答案在当前句中出现; 如果找不到概括性描述.则想段落中心或全文中心靠拢.
It is estimated that over 99 percent of all What does the author say in paragraph 1 species that ever existed have become regarding most species in earth?s history extinct. What causes extinction? When (A) They have remained basically unchanged species is no longer adapted to a changed from their original from their original forms. environment, it may perish. The exact (B) They have been able to adapt to ecological causes of a species? death vary from changes. situation to situation. Rapid ecological (C) They have caused rapid change in the change may render an environment environment. hostile to a species. For example, (D) They are no longer in existence. temperatures may change and a species 2. which of the following is NOT mentioned in may not be able to adapt. Food resources paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological may be affected by environmental change? changes, which will then cause problems (A) Temperature changes for a species requiring these resources. (B) Availability of food resources Other species may become better adapted (C) Introduction of new species to an environment, resulting in (D) Competition among species competition and, ultimately, in the death 3. Why is plankton mentioned in the passage? of a species. (A) To demostrate the interdependence of 628041.doc - 27 -
The fossile record reveals that different species extinction has occurred throughout the (B) To emphasize the importance of food history of earth. Recent analyses have resources in preventing mass extinction also revealed that on some occasions (C) To illustrate a comparison between many species became extinct at the same organisms that live on the land of those that time----a mass extinction. One of the live in the ocean best-known examples of mass extinction (D) To point out that certain species could occurred 65 million years ago with the never become extinct. demise of dinosaurs and many other 4. According to paragraph 2, evidence from forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass fossiles suggests that extinction was one that occurred 225 (A) extinction of species has occurred from million years ago, when approximately time to time throughout earth?s history 95 percent of all species died, mass (B) Extinctions on earth have generally been extinctions can be caused by a relatively massive rapid change in the environment and can (C) there has been only one mass extinction in be worsened by the close earth?s history interrelationship of many species. If, for (D) dinosaurs became extinct much easier than example, something were to happen to scientisr originally believed. destory much of the plankon in the 5. Which of the following can be inferred about oceans, then the oxygen content of earth the theory mentioned in paragraph 3? would drop, affection even organisms not (A) Many scientists could be expected to living in the oceans. Such a change disagree with it. 628041.doc - 28 -
would probably lead to a mass (B) Evidence to support the theory has recently extinction. been found. One interesting, and controversial, (C) The theory is no longer seriouly finding is that extinctions during the past considered. 250 million years have tended to be more (D) Most scientists believe the theory to be intense every 26 million years. This accurate. periodic extinction might be due to 6. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of intersection of the earth?s orbit with a the following statements about a species? cloud of comets, but this theory is purely survival? speculative. Some researchers have also (A) It reflecs the interrelationship of many speculated that extinction may often be species. random. That is, certain species may be (B) It may depend on chance events. eliminated and others may survive for no (C) It does not vary greatly from species to particular reason. A species? survival species may have nothing to do with its ability or (D) It is associated with astronomical inability to adapt. If so, some of conditions. evolutionary history may reflect a 7. According to the passage, it is believed that sequence of essentially random events. the largest extinctionof a species occurred (A) 26 million years ago (B) 65 million years ago (C) 225 million years ago (D) 250 million years ago 628041.doc - 29 -
7. 句子简化题(Sentence Simplification Question) (1) 句子简化题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第28页 (2) 句子简化的两个层面: 语义和逻辑
(3) 常见的逻辑关系转换----四大 “明显”/ “隐含” 关系 （４）句子简化题解题步骤
１）寻找给定句子中的逻辑关系：因果＼比较＼最高级＼否定． ２）确定与逻辑相关的语义：原因和结果，作用对象，最简化原则 ３）验证选项，选择与题干逻辑和相关语义均一致的选项，先验证逻辑（由主到次）再验证逻辑． ? 否定
? 明显否定关系的特色词汇: no, not, none, never, neither, deny ? 隐含否定关系的特色词汇: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定词缀less. ? 因果
? 明显因果关系的特色词汇: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly. ? 隐含因果关系的特色词汇:
a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役动词, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.
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b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to. c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate. d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to.
e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虚拟条件句. f. 粉刺短语\\不定式\\独立主格作状语 ? 比较
? 明显比较关系的特色词汇: 同级比较\\比较级 ? 隐含比较关系的特色词汇:
a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable, still. b. “差异”: same, different.
c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel.
? 最高级\\绝对化
? 明显最高级/绝对化关系的特色词汇: -est/ 比较级 ? 隐含最高级\\绝对化关系的特色词汇:
a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme. b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that
c. 程度较深的词: surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively(修饰价格的high)