天津大学2007届本科生毕业设计（论文）
在此更要感谢我的导师和专业老师，是你们的细心指导和关怀，使我能够顺利的完成毕业论文。在我的学业和论文的研究工作中无不倾注着老师们辛勤的汗水和心 血。老师的严谨治学态度、渊博的知识、无私的奉献精神使我深受启迪。从尊敬的导师身上，我不仅学到了扎实、宽广的专业知识，也学到了做人的道理。在此我要 向我的导师致以最衷心的感谢和深深的敬意。
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天津大学2007届本科生毕业设计（论文）
参考文献
[1]Winter．中文搜索引擎技术解密：网络蜘蛛 [M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2004年．
[2]Sergey等．The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine [M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1998年．
[3]Wisenut．WiseNut Search Engine white paper [M]．北京：中国电力出版社，2001年．
[4]Gary R.Wright W.Richard Stevens．TCP-IP协议详解卷3：TCP事务协议，HTTP，NNTP和UNIX域协议 [M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002 年1月. [5]罗刚 王振东．自己动手写网络爬虫[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2010年10月.
[6]李晓明，闫宏飞，王继民．搜索引擎：原理、技术与系统——华夏英才基金学术文库[M]．北京：科学出版社，2005年04月.
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天津大学2007届本科生毕业设计（论文）
外文资料
ABSTRACT
Crawling the web is deceptively simple: the basic algorithm is (a)Fetch a page (b) Parse it to extract all linked URLs (c) For all the URLs not seen before, repeat (a)–(c). However, the size of the web (estimated at over 4 billion pages) and its rate of change (estimated at 7% per week) move this plan from a trivial programming exercise to a serious algorithmic and system design challenge. Indeed, these two factors alone imply that for a reasonably fresh and complete crawl of the web, step (a) must be executed about a thousand times per second, and thus the membership test (c) must be done well over ten thousand times per second against a set too large to store in main memory. This requires a distributed architecture, which further complicates the membership test.
A crucial way to speed up the test is to cache, that is, to store in main memory a (dynamic) subset of the “seen” URLs. The main goal of this paper is to carefully investigate several URL caching techniques for web crawling. We consider both practical algorithms: random replacement, static cache, LRU, and CLOCK, and theoretical limits: clairvoyant caching and infinite cache. We performed about 1,800 simulations using these algorithms with various cache sizes, using actual log data extracted from a massive 33 day web crawl that issued over one billion HTTP requests. Our main conclusion is that caching is very effective – in our setup, a cache of roughly 50,000 entries can achieve a hit rate of almost 80%. Interestingly, this cache size falls at a critical point: a substantially smaller cache is much less effective while a substantially larger cache brings little additional benefit. We conjecture that such critical points are inherent to our problem and venture an explanation for this phenomenon. 1. INTRODUCTION
A recent Pew Foundation study [31] states that “Search engines have become an indispensable utility for Internet users” and estimates that as of mid-2002, slightly
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天津大学2007届本科生毕业设计（论文）
over 50% of all Americans have used web search to find information. Hence, the technology that powers web search is of enormous practical interest. In this paper, we concentrate on one aspect of the search technology, namely the process of collecting web pages that eventually constitute the search engine corpus.
Search engines collect pages in many ways, among them direct URL submission, paid inclusion, and URL extraction from nonweb sources, but the bulk of the corpus is obtained by recursively exploring the web, a process known as crawling or SPIDERing. The basic algorithm is (a) Fetch a page
(b) Parse it to extract all linked URLs
(c) For all the URLs not seen before, repeat (a)–(c)
Crawling typically starts from a set of seed URLs, made up of URLs obtained by other means as described above and/or made up of URLs collected during previous crawls. Sometimes crawls are started from a single well connected page, or a directory such as yahoo.com, but in this case a relatively large portion of the web (estimated at over 20%) is never reached. See [9] for a discussion of the graph structure of the web that leads to this phenomenon.
If we view web pages as nodes in a graph, and hyperlinks as directed edges among these nodes, then crawling becomes a process known in mathematical circles as graph traversal. Various strategies for graph traversal differ in their choice of which node among the nodes not yet explored to explore next. Two standard strategies for graph traversal are Depth First Search (DFS) and Breadth First Search (BFS) – they are easy to implement and taught in many introductory algorithms classes. (See for instance [34]).
However, crawling the web is not a trivial programming exercise but a serious algorithmic and system design challenge because of the following two factors. 1. The web is very large. Currently, Google [20] claims to have indexed over 3 billion pages. Various studies [3, 27, 28] have indicated that, historically, the web has doubled every 9-12 months.
2. Web pages are changing rapidly. If “change” means “any change”, then about
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天津大学2007届本科生毕业设计（论文）
40% of all web pages change weekly [12]. Even if we consider only pages that change by a third or more, about 7% of all web pages change weekly [17].
These two factors imply that to obtain a reasonably fresh and 679 complete snapshot of the web, a search engine must crawl at least 100 million pages per day. Therefore, step (a) must be executed about 1,000 times per second, and the membership test in step (c) must be done well over ten thousand times per second, against a set of URLs that is too large to store in main memory. In addition, crawlers typically use a distributed architecture to crawl more pages in parallel, which further complicates the membership test: it is possible that the membership question can only be answered by a peer node, not locally.
A crucial way to speed up the membership test is to cache a (dynamic) subset of the “seen” URLs in main memory. The main goal of this paper is to investigate in depth several URL caching techniques for web crawling. We examined four practical techniques: random replacement, static cache, LRU, and CLOCK, and compared them against two theoretical limits: clairvoyant caching and infinite cache when run against a trace of a web crawl that issued over one billion HTTP requests. We found that simple caching techniques are extremely effective even at relatively small cache sizes such as 50,000 entries and show how these caches can be implemented very efficiently.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the various crawling solutions proposed in the literature and how caching fits in their model. Section 3 presents an introduction to caching techniques and describes several theoretical and practical algorithms for caching. We implemented these algorithms under the experimental setup described in Section 4. The results of our simulations are depicted and discussed in Section 5, and our recommendations for practical algorithms and data structures for URL caching are presented in Section 6. Section 7 contains our conclusions and directions for further research. 2. CRAWLING
Web crawlers are almost as old as the web itself, and numerous crawling systems have been described in the literature. In this section, we present a brief survey of these
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