Cynthia.Lee---SOFL.SWU---candid@swu.edu.cn---Mystar.吾星讲义
The term “formal learning” is used in this paper to refer to all learning that takes place in the classroom, irrespective of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. “Informal learning”, on the other hand, is used to refer to learning which takes place outside th
These definitions provide the essential, though by no means sole, difference between formal and informal learning. Formal learning is decontextualised from daily life and, indeed, as Scribner and Cole (1973:553) have observed, may actually “promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those nurtured in practical daily life”. A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities that are not closely paralleled by activities outside the classroom. The classroom can prepare for, draw on, and imitate the challenges of adult life outside the classroom, but it cannot, by its nature, consist of these
In doing this, language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange. “Success” in the classroom requires a student to master this abstract code. As Bernstein (1969:152) noted, the language of the classroom is more
n thus find it easier to acquire the
Informal learning, in contrast, occurs in the setting to which it relates, making learning immediately relevant. In this context, language does not occupy such an important role: the child’s experience of learning is more holistic, involving sight, touch, taste, and smell—
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Cynthia.Lee---SOFL.SWU---candid@swu.edu.cn---Mystar.吾星讲义
this role, informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child’s development. Adults or older children who are proficient in the skill or activity provide - sometimes unintentionally - target models of behaviour in the course of everyday activity. Informal learning, therefore, can take place at any time and is not subject
The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two modes of learning. The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval, social status, and potential financial reward. The informal learner, however, tends to be motivated by successful
TEXT G
First read the question.
Now go through TEXT G quickly to answer question 33.
As a rule, it is essential that the poor’s productive capabilities be mobilized and the conditions for developing these human resources be improved. In this connection, German development policy has developed the following three approaches:
— Structural reform: Structural reform is the preferred approach for reducing poverty because it eliminates the causes of poverty rather than just its symptoms.
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Cynthia.Lee---SOFL.SWU---candid@swu.edu.cn---Mystar.吾星讲义
It is vital that economic, political and social conditions which can alleviate poverty be established at national and international levels. Efforts at international level focus on fair conditions for international trade and competition.
At national level, the poor must be helped through structural reform such as the introduction of democratic government, options for independent private enterprise, decentralization and agricultural reform. Development policy tools for realizing such reforms include political dialogue, political advisory services, structural adjustment measures and personnel and material support for reform efforts
— Direct measures:
Projects of this category are aimed at directly helping the poor and improving their living conditions or increasing their job options and earning potential. Of special importa
The material support and advisory services offered by these projects reinforce the
Typical direct
groups, the creation of a savings and loan system for the poorer segments of society
—Indirect measures: A project’s beneficiaries - its target group - are not only often difficult to identify clearly, they are also not necessarily all poor
people. In these cases, the project in question must be integrated into one of
ucing
poverty. A good illustration of this type of project is the use of advisory services to improve the tax system. Advising and upgrading the qualifications of personnel working in the fiscal system can lead to increased tax revenues which could be
Cynthia.Lee
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Cynthia.Lee---SOFL.SWU---candid@swu.edu.cn---Mystar.吾星讲义
allo
assistance concentrates on the poorest nations and on projects to reduce poverty. In 1993, some 10 percent of the commitments Germany made for bilateral financial and technical
Basic needs projects comprised 48 percent of all projects and almost 30 percent of the commitments made for financial and technical assistance were allocated for the world’s least developed
TEXT H
First read the question.
D.Women’s role in agricultural pr
Now go through TEXT H quickly to answer question 34.
and girls there face greater disadvantages. They are often denied education as customs dictate they marry early an
Two Zimbabwean academics plan to open a university to help African women whose education was interrupted by either family commitments or financial constraints.
The university will initially be in Harare, but will be relocated to Marondera, 80 kilometres east. The academics, Hope Sadza, former deputy commissioner of Zimbabwe’s Public Service Commission and Fay Chung, former Minister of Education,
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Cynthia.Lee---SOFL.SWU---candid@swu.edu.cn---Mystar.吾星讲义
Students will be split into groups of 100 and placed in one of four faculties: social science, agriculture, environmental studies or science and technology. The
The need for a university for women is more acute in Africa, where women are the poorest and most disadvantaged. When they do have access to education they often must endure sexual harassment. Most women drop out because they lack educational
“In Africa, women till the land and produce the bulk of the food, yet they have no understanding about marketing,” Sadza siad. “Agriculture is another area where
Women account for 80 per cent of Africa’s agricultural production, but have
The university since August has raised about Z$32.5 million (US$591,000) in donations and pledges. The university will be open to students from across Africa. It will be the second women’s university - after Sudan’s Ahfad University - in
TEXT I
First read the questions.
A.Xu Yangqiu. B.Wu Yifang. C.Tao Xingzhi.
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