??changes in accounting estimates 一般是由于有了新的信息所导致的估计调整。不需要 追溯调整,只考虑以后,即prospective。
??error adjustment is recorded in Prior Period Adjustment
P12-4 Basic EPS 和Diluted EPS 计算 1) 公式:
Diluted EPS=(NI-Preferred dividend)/[发行在外普通股加权数+Option×(1-X/平均市场价格)],如果存在Stock option 时,如果平均的市场价格>执行价X,则用此公式。
2) 步骤:firstly, Calculate basic EPS; then,to identify dilutive securities; in the end, to calculate diluted EPS 3) 关键
??★考试中经常出现的是weighted average number of common shares outstanding,要记得stock dividend 和stock split 要追溯处理,stock new issue 和repurchase 只要时间加权 ??Diluted EPS 的计算,就是convertible bond,convertible preferred stock 和stock option,warrant 是否会让basic EPS 稀释。对于各自可稀释性债券分子,分母需要考虑什么,一定要记熟
??★如果公司有option 或者warrant 的情况下,计算的Diluted EPS 用的是treasury stock method,如果在考试中遇到这个称法不要觉得陌生,其实不影响计算的过程。事实上,treasury stock method 的意思是假设公司使用收入的期权实行费用来回购股票,抵消一部分稀释。 当期权执行价格低于股票市场平均价格,该期权是稀释的。 ??★注意,在计算可转债带来的稀释时,不要忽略税盾。
??Treasury stock 投票权问题:Treasury stock has no voting rights and does not receive dividends.
P13-4 Comprehensive Income
R34-4 全面综合收益Comprehensive Income:the change in equity (net asset) of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources,单列在NI 后面的,不放在I/S 中。
R35-4 ★CI=NI + other comprehensive income(在股东权益变动表中也包含这些项目, IFRS 下没有CI,但有OCI)
R36-4 ★Other comprehensive Income
??Foreign currency translation adjustment on a foreign subsidiary
??Unrealized G/L on derivatives contracts accounted for as cashflow hedges ??Unrealized G/L on available for sale securities ??Minimum pension liability adjustment
R37-4 Accumulated other comprehensive income aggregates past and current OCI 并显示在 B/S 中的equity 中(IFRS 没有明确规定在B/S 中列出Accumulated other comprehensive income 的数额)
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P14-4 Understanding balance sheet 金融资产和负债的计量
R38-4 ★判断证券所属的种类,Held-to-maturity、Trading securities 还是
Available-to-sale,并了解这三种证券不同的accounting treatment(考试常考):
★Dividend and interest income and realized gains and losses are recognized in the income statement for all three classifications of securities.
三种marketable securities 在U.S.GAAP 与IFRS 下基本一致:对于Realized gain/loss 在I/S中确认;对于AFS,Unrealized G/L 在OCI 中确认;对于trading,Unrealized G/L 在I/S 中确认。两者唯一的差别是,对于Debt AFS,在IFRS 下,对于汇率变化的影响在I/S 中确认;在GAAP 下,对于汇率变化的影响全部在OCI 中确认。
R39-4 金融资产和负债的计量(需要了解):
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P16-4 掌握bad debt 的计算 Beginning balance allowance + Bad expenses — write-offs
= Ending balance allowance
Bad debt 会增加 allowance for debtful accounts(contra-assets accounts) — Bad debt 注销会减少 gross receivable and allowance account
P17-4 理解各种activity 的classification R41-4 三种activities
??Operating activities 和每天的运营相关的现金流的流进流出 ??Investing activities 和由于投资引起的购买或出售相关
??Financing activities 包含长期借钱,还钱,发新股,回购,分红(不包括付息), 但是 对于金融公司,这些都属于operating activities.
R42-4 ★特别注意公司的主营业务和投资产品的主要性质
??如果是银行,存款和贷款就是Operating activities,因为本身就是银行的主营业务 ??如果投资的产品持有期很短,高流动性,或者本身就是以交易为目的,就不考虑在 Investing activities 当中
P18-4 CFO 直接法和间接法的理解
R43-4 CFO 计算方式:直接法和间接法,熟练掌握2 种方法 (公式)
R44-4 Both IFRS and US GAAP 都鼓励使用直接法,但都可以使用间接法。在GAAP 下, 直接法下必须披露间接法,IFRS 没有这样的要求;如果用间接法,没有要求披露直接法。 R45-4 CFO 理解:firstly, 考题中会出现计算是无疑的;secondly,考题中会考核考生对 CFO 和NI 之间关系的掌握;lastly,CFO 和working capital 之间的关系,有时也会成为考核点
R46-4 ★CFO 补充公式
??FAopening + purchasing – depreciation – disposal = FAending (可以计算CFO 间接法中的dep; 也可以计算CFI 中的purchase)
??CFO=NI + depreciation – gain of asset sale + Loss of asset sale – ΔA/R –Δinv +ΔA/P,如果 购买的固定资产多,则折旧多,则CFO>NI;如果存货增加,CFO ??Gain or Loss = Proceeds received – Disposal(可以计算CFO 间接法中的G/L;也可以计 算CFI 中的proceed received) ??Opening R/E + NI – div. declared = Ending R/E(严谨地说,我们计算的Div 应该是Div. declared,但是一般题目中只需要计算Div. paid,所以公式可以简化为Opening R/E + NI – Div= Ending R/E) ??Div. paid =- Div. declared + change in div. payables R47-4 ★Notes payable 被视为CFF 8 R48-4 How to determine CFO P19-4 CFI 和CFF 的理解 R49-4 理解:CFI consist of the inflows and outflows of cash resulting from the acquisition or disposal of long-term assets and certain investments. ??计算方式:proceeds received – purchasing;也就是sales – purchasing ??★CFI=- (BV1+depreciation-BV0)+gain-loss R50-4 理解:CFF consist of the inflows and outflows of borrowing, repayment, new issue, repurchase, div paid P20-4 FCFE 和FCFF 的理解 R51-4 ★FCFE&FCFF 掌握概念及公式:(需要重点掌握,经常考到) P21-4 CF Statement 中其它知识点理解 R52-4 Comparison of classification between IFRS and GAAP(需要牢记,经常考到) ??Interest received: Classified as CFO under U.S. GAAP; CFO or CFI under IFRS. ??Interest paid: Classified as CFO under U.S. GAAP; CFO or CFF under IFRS. 9 ??Dividend received: Classified as CFO under U.S. GAAP; CFO or CFI under IFRS. ??Dividend paid: Classified as CFF under U.S. GAAP; CFO or CFF under IFRS. ??Overdraft: IFRS: cash equivalent; GAAP: CFF R53-4 Comparison of presentation between IFRS and GAAP(重点掌握) ??Direct method is encouraged under both ??US. GAAP: a direct method must also disclose indirect method. IFRS: not required ??US. GAAP: tax and interest can be reported in CF/S or in the footnotes. IFRS: should be disclosed separately in the CF/S under direct and indirect method. R54-4 Non-cash transactions are not reported in CF statement, but is required to bedisclosed, either in a separate note or a supplementary schedule to the cash flow statement.(比如可转债由债转成股) P22-4 Financial Analysis Techniques Common-size statement 了解income statement 和balance sheet 的common-size statement 构建方法的不同. ??★Liqudity ratio (measure liquidity,这些比率越高,公司的短期偿债能力越好): 如果cash convertion cycle 提高,说明存货与A/R 周转期较长,A/P 较短(重点掌握) ??★Solvency ratio (measure leverage,这些比率越高,公司风险越大) 10