(2)后接动词不定式时，只能用whether.
Adam didn?t know whether to go or stay.亚当不知道是走还是留。
He hasn?t decided whether to have dinner with me.他还没决定是否和我共进晚 餐。
(3)所引导的宾语从句放在主句之前时，只能用whether.
Whether it will rain or snow, we don?t mind. 我们不在乎将要刮风还是下雨。 Whether I won or lost, she didn?t want to know.我是赢是输她不想知道。 (4)引导主语从句或表语从句时，一般用whether.
The most important was whether they had gone.最重要的是他们是不是已经 走了。
Whether he will go with me is a secret.他是否会和我一起去还是个秘密。 if能引导条件状语从句，表示“如果，假如”，而whether没有此用法。 We?ll have a football match if it doesn?t rain tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们 要进行足球赛。
I?ll tell him if I sees him.我看见他就告诉他。
If you?re in danger, please call 110.如果你遇到危险，请拨打110。 15. cost/ spend/ pay/ take
(1) cost一般用某物来做主语，表示“（某物）值…、花费…”，既能指花费时 间也能指金钱。
The new bike costs me 300 yuan.这辆新自行车花了我三百元。
It will cost you a whole to read through this book.通读这本书将会花费你整整 一周时间。
cost 还可以用作名词，表示“成本、费用、价格、代价”等。 What?s the cost of this TV set? 这台电视机的成本是多少钱？ They succeeded at the cost of hard work.他们辛苦地工作换来的成功。
(2) spend一般用某人来作主语，表示“（某人）花费…，付出…”，也能指时间或金钱，指时间时常与 in搭配，指金钱时常与on或for搭配。
We spent two days in repairing this machine.我们花了两天时间修理这台机器。 Mr. Lee spends $20 on books every month.李先生每月花二十美元在书上。
(3) pay用作动词时，一般也以某人作主语，但一般指花钱、付款等，很少用来指花费时间。常与for搭配使用。
They paid 70 yuan for the tickets.他们花了七十元买票。 He was too poor to pay for his schooling.他穷得交不起学费。 pay还可以用作名词，意思为“薪水、工资”等。
It?s hard for me to live with such low pay.我很难靠这么低的薪水生活下去。 (4)take也指“花费(时间、金钱)”，但通常用某事、某物做主语，或用形式主语it. How long will the meeting take? 会议要开多久？
It took me several hours to get there. 我花了几个小时才到那儿。 16. bad/ badly
这两个词的意思含有“坏、糟、严重”等意思，且它们有共同的比较级worse和最高级worst 。
(1) bad是一个形容词，意思是“坏的，糟糕的，差的，严重的”。 I don?t think he is a bad person.我并不认为他是一个坏人。 I had a bad headache.我的头疼得很厉害。
(2)badly是一个副词，意思是“不好地，差”，也可以表示程度，意为“严重地，非常，极度”。
We need help badly.我们急需帮助。
His arm was badly hurt.他的胳膊严重受伤了。 17. interested/ interesting
(1) interested是指“对…产生兴趣的，对…感兴趣的”，一般用人做主语，后常用介词in. He was interested in biology before.他以前对生物感兴趣。 I?m not interested in art.我对艺术不感兴趣。
(2)interesting的意思是“有趣的”，指能够给人带来兴趣的某人或某事物。 He is an interesting old man.他是个有趣的老头。
The interesting story attracted me. 这个有趣的故事吸引了我。 18. dead/ die/ death/ dying
(1) dead是形容词，意思为“死了的、无生命的”，表示状态，可以与一段时间连用。 The tree has been dead for ten years.这棵树死了有十年了。 The rabbits are all dead. 这些兔子都是死的。
(2) die是动词，意思为“死、死亡”，是一个瞬间动词，不能与一段时间连用。 My grandpa died two years ago.我爷爷两年前去世了。 The old man died of cancer.老人死于癌症。 (3) death是名词，意思为“死亡、去世”等。 The memorial hall was built one year after his death. 他死后一年，纪念馆建成了。
His death is a great loss to us.他的死是我们的巨大损失。
(4) dying 是die的现在分词，用作形容词，意思是“垂死的、即将死去的”。 The doctors have saved the dying man.医生们救活了那个垂死的人。 The poor dog had no food, it was dying.可怜的狗没有食物,快要饿死了。
初三年级（中）
【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语 1. give up 2. try out 3. most of 4. not…any more 5. at the age of 6. at that time
7. send message by telegraph 8. graduate from
9. turn down 10. put up 11. at the top of 12. get together 13. from house to house 14. at the end of 15. on top of 16. as well 17. climb down 18. in a single night 19. even though 20. live on 21. once upon a time 22. according to 23. keep warm 24. on the other hand 25. on show 26. on display 27. in the future 28. look up
29. Tree Planting Day 30. just right
31. as often as possible 32. wash away 33. in this way 34. in a few years' time 35. point to 36. thanks to 37. more or less 38. so far 39. shut down 40. send up 41. put off II. 重要句型
1.set one's mind to do sth. 2. put … together 3. stop…from… 4. keep…from… 5. be filled with sth. 6. give birth to
7. be covered with 8. be made of 9. fill…with… 10. match…with 11. be used for
12. have nothing to do with 13. come up with 14. no matter how… 15. keep sb./sth.warm III. 交际用语 1. ---I'm trying to … 2. --- I'll …
3. --- Which of these would you like most to …? 4. --- What do you want to … ? 5. --- I want to… 6. --- I hope to … 7. --- I plan to… 8. --- I'm going to… 9. --- I'm so happy that … 10. --- I'm glad …. 11. --- me too.
12. --- What's this called in English? 13. --- What's it made of? 14. --- It's made of … 15. --- What's it used for? 16. --- It's used for …
17. --- English is widely used for business/ …
18. --- It is one of the world's most important languages as it is so widely used. 19. --- Where is / are … grown / produced / made ? 20. --- The (ground ) must be just right… 21. --- It's best to …
22. --- The hole should not be too deep.
23. --- The Great Green Wall is 7000 kilometres long, and between 400 and 1700 kilometres wide. 24. --- The more, the better. 25. --- More or less!
26. --- The (ground ) must be just right… 27. --- The hole should not be too deep. 28. 掌握以下常见标志：
ENTRANCE EXIT PUSH PULL NO SMOKING NO PARKING
FRAGILE THIS SIDE UP NO PHOTOS DANGER BUSINESS HOURS PLAY STOP PAUSE ON OFF IV. 重要语法
1. 动词被动语态的结构和用法； 2. 动词不定式的功能和用法。 【名师讲解】 1. be able to/ can
(1) 都能表示“能够，具备干某件事的能力”这个含义，此时可以互换。
Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time. = Mr. Green can finish the work on time. 格林先生能够按时完成这项工作。
(2) be able to可以用于各种时态，而can 为情态动词，多用于现在时，其过去式为could。
We are sure he will be able to be an artist when he grows up. 我们相信他长大后能够成为一名画家。 Miss Lin has been able to pay the car by herself. 林小姐已经能够自己负担那辆车了。
(4) Can除了表示“能够，有能力做某事”以外，还有如下用法，而be able to 则没有。表
示请求，但语 气没有could委婉
Can I have a look at this picture? 我能看看这张图片吗？
Can we leave school after 6:00 p.m. ?我们可以在下午6点之后再离开学校吗？ 表示可能性。
That man can?t be our new teacher. 那人不可能是我们的新老师。 The exam can?t be too difficult.考试不会太难。 2. bring/ take/carry/fetch
(1) bring一般是指拿来，即从别处往说话人这里拿，翻译成“带来”。
He brought us some good news.他给我们带来了一些好消息。 Please don?t forget to bring your homework tomorrow. 明天请别忘了把家庭作业带来。
(2) take一般是指从说话人这里往别处拿，翻译成“带走”。
Please take the umbrella with you. It?s going to rain.要下雨了，请把伞带上。 She took the dictionary away.她把字典拿走了。
(3) carry不强调方向，表示“携带、背着、运送、搬扛”等意思。
They carried the boxes into the factory. 他们把箱子搬进了工厂。 A taxi carried them to the station. 出租车送他们到了车站
(4) fetch表示的是“去取来、去拿来、去叫来”等意思，包含去和来两趟。
The waiter fetched them some apples.侍者为他们取来了一些苹果。 Mother fetched the doctor for her ill son.妈妈为生病的儿子请来了医生。 3. whole/ all