Mozambique, Chad, Central African Republic and Mali. SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING
Good morning, everybody. Today?s lecture is about Abraham Maslov?s
hierarchy of needs. This seems like a physiological topic. Actually
it is something psychological. Abraham Maslov is a psychologist, and
he is especially known for his theory of human needs. OK, first of all, what is the need? Here, we can simply define it as a personal requirement. Maslov believes that humans are wanting beings, who seek to fulfil a variety of needs. According to his theory, these
needs can be arranged in an order according to their importance. It
is this order that has become known as Maslov?s hierarchy of needs. In this hierarchy of needs, at the most basic level are physiological
needs. Fundamentally, humans are just one species of animal. We need
to keep ourselves alive. Physiological needs are what we require for 266
survival. These needs include food and water, shelter and sleep. At this level for us humans, Maslov also includes the need for clothing.
How are these needs usually satisfied? It is mainly through adequate wages. Then what is the next level of needs? At the next level are safety needs,
the things we require for physical and emotional security. Physical security is easy to understand. Everybody needs to keep his body safe
from injury, illness, etc. Then what is emotional security? Well, that may be the point in this hierarchy of needs, where humans begin to differ
from other animals. We are thinking animals. We have
worries, what we fear may be losing a job, or being struck down by a severe disease. Besides physical Security, we need to think we are safe from misfortunes both now and in a forseeable future. How can these needs be met then?
According to Maslov, safety needs may be satisfied through job security,
health insurance, pension plans and safe working conditions.
After this stage come the levels of needs that are particular to human
beings. The immediate following level are the social needs. Under this
category, Maslov puts our requirements for love and affection and the
sense of belonging. We need to be loved, we need to belong to a group
not just the family in which we can share with others in common interest.
In Maslov?s view, this need can be satisfied through the work environment and some informal organizations. Certainly, we also need social relationships beyond the work place, for example, with family
and friends. Next, the level of esteem needs. What are esteem needs
then? They include both the needs of self-esteem and the need of esteem
of others. Self-esteem is a sense of our own achievements and worth.
We need to believe that we are successful, we are no worse if no better
than others. The esteem of people is the respect and recognition we
gain from other people, by or through our work or our activities in
other social groups. The ways to satisfy esteem needs include personal
achievements, promotion to more resposible jobs, various honors and
awards and other forms of recognition.
What follows is the top level of this hierarchy of needs. These are
the self-realization needs. In other words, they are the needs to grow
and develop as people, the needs to become all that we are capable of
being. These are the most difficult needs to satisfy. Whether one can 267
achieve this level or not, perhaps determines whether one can be a great
man or just an ordinary man. Of course, it depends on different people.
The means of satisfying them tend to vary greatly with the individual.
For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new career after
retirement could quite well satisfy their self-realization needs.
While for other people, it could be becoming the best in certain areas. It could be becoming the president of IBM, anyway, being great or
ordinary is what others think, while self-realization is largely
individual. Maslov suggested that people work to satisfy their physiological needs first, then their safety needs and so on up the
needs ladder. In general, they are motivated by the needs at the lowest
level that remain unsatisfied. However, needs at one level do not have
to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. If the majority of a person?s physiological and safety needs are satisfied, that person will be motivated primarily by social needs.
But any physiological and safety needs that remain Unsatisfied will
keep playing an important role.
OK, that?s the general picture of Maslov?s hierarchy of needs. Just
to sum up, I briefly introduce to you Maslov?s theory. Maslov thinks there are five kinds of human needs with each one being more important
than the preceding one. I hope that you find his ideas interesting and
in our next lecture, we will mainly discuss the practical implications of his theory. Now, you have 2 minutes to check your notes, then please complete the
15-minute gap-filling task on Answer Sheet One. This is the end of Part One. 答案与详解
PAPER ONE PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A TALK 268
1． 答案： B
【问句译文】根据该谈话内容，关于办公室的下列哪一种说法是不正确的？
【试题分析】本题为细节题，可用排除法解答。
【详细解答】由谈话中提到的“Let?s first take a look of the offices，
the physical surroundings of most modern companies，especially offices
are becoming more and more similar．”可知“全球的办公室基本上是一
样的”故可排除选项A；根据听到的“this is the feature that．．．，may be
dependent on the size of the company”和“．．．modem
companies pay
special attention to the physical surrounding，in order to create an
atmosphere conducive to higher working efficiency．”可知，办公环境
设置与公司规模有一定联系并影响着工作人员的办公效率，可排除选项C和D。
只有选项B不合题意，故为正确答案。 2． 答案： A
【问句译文】由谈话可以推知，和谐的工作关系对你的什么产生直接的影响？
【试题分析】本题为细节题。
【详细解答】由谈话中提到的“．．．particularly as the management?s
assessment of how are you performing can be crucial to your future
career．”可知，工作表现会直接影响到未来的事业，故选项A promotion(提 升，晋级)为正确答案。 3． 答案： D
【问句译文】假设你在一家小公司工作，有什么不满时会怎么做？ 【试题分析】本题为细节题。 269
【详细解答】由谈话中提到的“In small businesses，the boss will
probably work along side his／her workers．Anything that