? Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeingand publication, also post-publication. Ensure that the e-mail address is given and that contactdetails are kept up to date by the corresponding author.
? Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article wasdone, or was visiting at the time, a 'Present address' (or 'Permanent address') may be indicated asa footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must beretained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.
Abstract
A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of theresearch, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately fromthe article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but ifessential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations shouldbe avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
Graphical abstract
Although a graphical abstract is optional, its use is encouraged as it draws more attention to the onlinearticle. The graphical abstract should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial formdesigned to capture the attention of a wide readership. Graphical abstracts should be submitted as aseparate file in the online submission system. Image size: Please provide an image with a minimumof 531 × 1328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The image should be readable at a size of 5 ×13 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, EPS, PDF or MS Officefiles. See http://www.elsevier.com/graphicalabstracts for examples.
Authors can make use of Elsevier's Illustration and Enhancement service to ensure the bestpresentation of their images and in accordance with all technical requirements: Illustration Service.
Highlights
Highlights are mandatory for this journal. They consist of a short collection of bullet points thatconvey the core findings of the article and should be submitted in a separate editable file in theonline submission system. Please use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points(maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point). See http://www.elsevier.com/highlightsfor examples.
Keywords
Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling andavoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparingwith abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywordswill be used for indexing purposes.
Abbreviations
Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the first pageof the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their firstmention there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.
Acknowledgements
Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and donot, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here thoseindividuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistanceor proof reading the article, etc.).
Math formulae
Please submit math equations as editable text and not as images. Present simple formulae inline with normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for smallfractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of e are oftenmore conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayedseparately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).
Equations
Please note that equations should be supplied in one of the following ways:1. As a .pdf file
2. As a 2003 Word .doc file. If the source file was a Microsoft Word 2007 document (.docx), re-savethe original document as a Word 2003 file (.doc) by opening the document and selecting 'Save As',then 'Word 97-2003 Document'.
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Footnotes
Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article. Many wordprocessors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case,indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at theend of the article.
Artwork
Electronic artworkGeneral points
? Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
? Preferred fonts: Arial (or Helvetica), Times New Roman (or Times), Symbol, Courier.? Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.? Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
? Indicate per figure if it is a single, 1.5 or 2-column fitting image.
? For Word submissions only, you may still provide figures and their captions, and tables within asingle file at the revision stage.
? Please note that individual figure files larger than 10 MB must be provided in separate source files.A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website:http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.Formats
Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalized, please 'save as' orconvert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings,halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS (or PDF): Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as 'graphics'.
TIFF (or JPG): Color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.TIFF (or JPG): Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF (or JPG): Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpiis required.
Please do not:
? Supply files that are optimized for screen use (e.g., GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low.? Supply files that are too low in resolution.
? Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.
Color artwork
Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF (or JPEG), EPS (or PDF), orMS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submitusable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appearin color online (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrationsare reproduced in color in the printed version. For color reproduction in print, you will receiveinformation regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Pleaseindicate your preference for color: in print or online only. For further information on the preparationof electronic artwork, please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Figure captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figureitself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum butexplain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Tables
Please submit tables as editable text and not as images. Tables can be placed either next to therelevant text in the article, or on separate page(s) at the end. Number tables consecutively inaccordance with their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body. Besparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate resultsdescribed elsewhere in the article. Please avoid using vertical rules.
Each table may only take up one page. If the table is larger than one page, please upload assupplementary material for online publication only.
References
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Citation in text
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and viceversa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personalcommunications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If thesereferences are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of thejournal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either 'Unpublished results' or'Personal communication'. Citation of a reference as 'in press' implies that the item has been acceptedfor publication.
The total number of references should not exceed 50.
Reference links
Increased discoverability of research and high quality peer review are ensured by online links tothe sources cited. In order to allow us to create links to abstracting and indexing services, such asScopus, CrossRef and PubMed, please ensure that data provided in the references are correct. Pleasenote that incorrect surnames, journal/book titles, publication year and pagination may prevent linkcreation. When copying references, please be careful as they may already contain errors. Use of theDOI is encouraged.
Web references
As a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Anyfurther information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.),should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under adifferent heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.
Reference management software
Most Elsevier journals have their reference template available in many of themost popular reference management software products. These include all productsthat support Citation Style Language styles (http://citationstyles.org), such as Mendeley(http://www.mendeley.com/features/reference-manager) and Zotero (https://www.zotero.org/), aswell as EndNote (http://endnote.com/downloads/styles). Using the word processor plug-ins fromthese products, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing theirarticle, after which citations and bibliographies will be automatically formatted in the journal's style.If no template is yet available for this journal, please follow the format of the sample references andcitations as shown in this Guide.
Users of Mendeley Desktop can easily install the reference style for this journal by clicking the followinglink:
http://open.mendeley.com/use-citation-style/earth-and-planetary-science-letters
When preparing your manuscript, you will then be able to select this style using the Mendeley plug-ins for Microsoft Word or LibreOffice.
Reference formatting
There are no strict requirements on reference formatting at submission. References can be in any styleor format as long as the style is consistent. Where applicable, author(s) name(s), journal title/booktitle, chapter title/article title, year of publication, volume number/book chapter and the paginationmust be present. Use of DOI is highly encouraged. The reference style used by the journal will beapplied to the accepted article by Elsevier at the proof stage. Note that missing data will be highlightedat proof stage for the author to correct. If you do wish to format the references yourself they shouldbe arranged according to the following examples:
Reference style
Text: All citations in the text should refer to:
1. Single author: the author's name (without initials, unless there is ambiguity) and the year ofpublication;
2. Two authors: both authors' names and the year of publication;
3. Three or more authors: first author's name followed by 'et al.' and the year of publication.
Citations may be made directly (or parenthetically). Groups of references should be listed firstalphabetically, then chronologically.
Examples: 'as demonstrated (Allan, 2000a, 2000b, 1999; Allan and Jones, 1999). Kramer et al.(2010) have recently shown ....'
List: References should be arranged first alphabetically and then further sorted chronologically ifnecessary. More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year must be identified bythe letters 'a', 'b', 'c', etc., placed after the year of publication.AUTHOR INFORMATION PACK1 Dec 2015
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Examples:
Reference to a journal publication:
Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J.A.J., Lupton, R.A., 2010. The art of writing a scientific article. J. Sci.Commun. 163, 51–59.Reference to a book:
Strunk Jr., W., White, E.B., 2000. The Elements of Style, fourth ed. Longman, New York.Reference to a chapter in an edited book:
Mettam, G.R., Adams, L.B., 2009. How to prepare an electronic version of your article, in: Jones, B.S.,Smith , R.Z. (Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age. E-Publishing Inc., New York, pp. 281–304.Journal abbreviations source
Journal names should be abbreviated according to the List of Title Word Abbreviations:http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/.
Video data
Elsevier accepts video material and animation sequences to support and enhance your scientificresearch. Authors who have video or animation files that they wish to submit with their article arestrongly encouraged to include links to these within the body of the article. This can be done in thesame way as a figure or table by referring to the video or animation content and noting in the bodytext where it should be placed. All submitted files should be properly labeled so that they directlyrelate to the video file's content. In order to ensure that your video or animation material is directlyusable, please provide the files in one of our recommended file formats with a preferred maximumsize of 150 MB. Video and animation files supplied will be published online in the electronic versionof your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com.Please supply 'stills' with your files: you can choose any frame from the video or animation ormake a separate image. These will be used instead of standard icons and will personalize thelink to your video data. For more detailed instructions please visit our video instruction pages athttp://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Note: since video and animation cannot be embeddedin the print version of the journal, please provide text for both the electronic and the print versionfor the portions of the article that refer to this content.
AudioSlides
The journal encourages authors to create an AudioSlides presentation with their published article.AudioSlides are brief, webinar-style presentations that are shown next to the online article onScienceDirect. This gives authors the opportunity to summarize their research in their own words andto help readers understand what the paper is about. More information and examples are available athttp://www.elsevier.com/audioslides. Authors of this journal will automatically receive an invitatione-mail to create an AudioSlides presentation after acceptance of their paper.
Open data
This journal supports Open Data, enabling authors to submit any raw (unprocessed) research datawith their article for open access publication on ScienceDirect under the CC BY license. For moreinformation, please visit http://www.elsevier.com/about/research-data/open-data.
International Geo Sample Number (IGSN)
If you have registered your sample with the SESAR database and have received an IGSN for thissample, please tag your IGSNs in your manuscript. This will enable Elsevier to link the IGSN numberto the sample in SESAR if your paper is published online. To tag an IGSN, please use the syntax\your samples please visit http://www.geosamples.org/
Data deposit and linking
Elsevier encourages and supports authors to share raw data sets underpinning their researchpublication where appropriate and enables interlinking of articles and data. Please visithttp://www.elsevier.com/about/research-data for more information on depositing, sharing and usingresearch data.
Google Maps and KML files
KML (Keyhole Markup Language) files (optional): You can enrich your online articles by providingKML or KMZ files which will be visualized using Google maps. The KML or KMZ files can be uploadedin our online submission system. KML is an XML schema for expressing geographic annotation andvisualization within Internet-based Earth browsers. Elsevier will generate Google Maps from the
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submitted KML files and include these in the article when published online. Submitted KML files willalso be available for downloading from your online article on ScienceDirect. For more information seehttp://www.elsevier.com/googlemaps.
Interactive plots
This journal enables you to show an Interactive Plot with your article by simply submitting a data file.For instructions please go to http://www.elsevier.com/interactiveplots.
Submission checklist
The following list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journalfor review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.Ensure that the following items are present:
One author has been designated as the corresponding author with contact details:? E-mail address? Full postal address
All necessary files have been uploaded, and contain:? Keywords
? All figure captions
? All tables (including title, description, footnotes)Further considerations
? Manuscript has been 'spell-checked' and 'grammar-checked'
? All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa
? Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including theInternet)
Printed version of figures (if applicable) in color or black-and-white
? Indicate clearly whether or not color or black-and-white in print is required.
For any further information please visit our customer support site at http://support.elsevier.com.
Paper length
EPSL has a restricted article length of not more than 6500 words in the main text, excluding theabstract, figure captions and references,and a total number of figures and tables not to exceed 10(where both are counted together). Large tables should be submitted as part of SupplementaryMaterial. Comment and reply submissions should be short, concise and not exceeding 2000 words,with no more than 1 figure and 10 references. Excessive use of multi-part figures is not permitted andthe editor will make a decision on the suitability of such submissions. Additional figures can be includedas part of Supplementary Material which would form part of the electronic version of the paper.
AFTER ACCEPTANCE
Use of the Digital Object Identifier
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOIconsists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisherupon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an idealmedium for citing a document, particularly 'Articles in press' because they have not yet received theirfull bibliographic information. Example of a correctly given DOI (in URL format; here an article in thejournal Physics Letters B):
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.059
When you use a DOI to create links to documents on the web, the DOIs are guaranteed never tochange.
Online proof correction
Corresponding authors will receive an e-mail with a link to our online proofing system, allowingannotation and correction of proofs online. The environment is similar to MS Word: in addition toediting text, you can also comment on figures/tables and answer questions from the Copy Editor.Web-based proofing provides a faster and less error-prone process by allowing you to directly typeyour corrections, eliminating the potential introduction of errors.
If preferred, you can still choose to annotate and upload your edits on the PDF version. All instructionsfor proofing will be given in the e-mail we send to authors, including alternative methods to the onlineversion and PDF.
We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Please use thisproof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables andfigures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this
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stage with permission from the Editor. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent backto us in one communication. Please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequentcorrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility.
Offprints
The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a personalized link providing 50days free access to the final published version of the article on ScienceDirect. This link canalso be used for sharing via email and social networks. For an extra charge, paper offprintscan be ordered via the offprint order form which is sent once the article is accepted forpublication. Both corresponding and co-authors may order offprints at any time via Elsevier'sWebShop (http://webshop.elsevier.com/myarticleservices/offprints). Authors requiring printed copiesof multiple articles may use Elsevier WebShop's 'Create Your Own Book' service to collate multiplearticles within a single cover (http://webshop.elsevier.com/myarticleservices/booklets).
AUTHOR INQUIRIES
You can track your submitted article at http://www.elsevier.com/track-submission. You can track youraccepted article at http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle. You are also welcome to contact CustomerSupport via http://support.elsevier.com.
? Copyright 2014 Elsevier | http://www.elsevier.com
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