I have hurt myself.
He has become a teacher. She has broken my heart. 句型变化：
★变疑问句将助动词 have / has 移到句首，变否定句在助动词have / has 后面加not. e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen. ★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I have. No, I have not. ★特殊疑问句：
What have you done? What has he done?
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
表达过去做的一件事情，凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时。没有的用现在完成时。 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 举例：
I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest
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fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。
注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (错) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词（时间持续长）表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词（时间持续短）表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
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He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示\做……直到……\瞬间动词用于否定句，表示\到……，才……\ He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。
5. 一般将来时
表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用
结构： 主语 +助动词will / shall + v(原形) + sth 没有动词原形用be 代替。 I will go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next. Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning. ★变疑问句将助动词移到句首
Will you go to America tomorrow?
Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next? Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning? ★变否定句在助动词后面加not
I will not go to America tomorrow.
The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next. Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I will. No, I will not.
Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not. Yes, he will. No, he will not. ★特殊疑问句： What will you do?
1) shall只用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。Will 可以用于任何人称。
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will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to + v (原形)，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
be going to / will
用于条件句时， be going to 表将来 will 表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
6. 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
用现在进行时表示将来
意为：\意图\、\打算\、\安排\、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
时态与时间状语
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一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在完成时
时间状语
every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always,
recently
特殊句型：there be 句型，be going to 结构
1. be going to 结构
表示打算，准备，计划做某事
★结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型
I am going to make a bookcase. They are going to paint it.
The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★变疑问句将be动词移到句首
Are you going to make a bookcase? Are they going to paint it?
Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?
★变否定句在be动词后面加not
I am not going to make a bookcase. They are going to paint it.
The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.
★肯定回答及否定回答
Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Yes, they are. No, they are not. Yes, he is. No, he is not.
★特殊疑问句
What are you going to do? What are they going to do? What is the father going to do? (必背)
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