B. hamburgers are made with beef C. hamburgers are made with ham
D. hamburgers were first sold about a century ago
29. According to the writer, which of the following can often be found in any large English dictionary?
A. Where all the new words come from B. Where those Germans came from
C. The reason why a word has a certain meaning D. The reason why English is spoken around the world 30. According to the story, the word “hamburger” comes from . A. China because it has a long history
B. England because Germans don?t speak good English
C. the round pieces of beef which those people from Hamburg were eating D. English speakers because they always create new words Passage seven
The Effects of Global Warming on Weather
There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Here's one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation (植物) may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year—faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1000-kilometer-wide strip of forest running through Canada, the USSR and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing tons of CO2 and further boosting global warming.
There are dozens of other possible “feedback mechanism”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the “albedo” effect, will do the opposite. The “albedo” effect is the amount of solar energy reflected by the earth's surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes (戳) through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.
Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is that some of us are doing quite well the way things are. In developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.
Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 percent of all the world's energy is consumed by a quarter of the world's population. The average rich-world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2 yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just seven per cent of the global population, is responsible for
22 per cent of global warming.
31. “Feedback mechanisms” in paragraph 1 most probably refer to ____________. A. how plants and animals adapt to hidden factors
B. how plants and animals interact with the changing climate C. how climate changes D. how climate zones shift
32. We can learn from the passage that ____________. A. some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warming B. the basic facts of global warming are unknown C. developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuels
D. developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption
33. James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by . A. the cutting of many trees B. desirable environmental changes C. successful migration of species D. unsuccessful migration of trees
34. It can be inferred from the passage that ____________.
A. the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumption B. a third-world citizen adds less than a ton of CO2 yearly to the atmosphere
C. the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse gas emissions D. future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels 35. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage? ____________ A. Impact of global warming on climate. B. Prosperity and cheap fossil fuels.
C. Material progress and energy consumption. D. Plants and animals in the changing climate. Passage eight
One of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about people's lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography.
An autobiography is the story of a person's life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the person's earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjamin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 1Other writers, such as James Joyce，have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies，but they are very close to it.
Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of
the times as on the life of the author. 2Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently，though，the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeab1e with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world.
Biographies are factual accounts of someone else's life. In many senses，these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person，not one that is overly positive or too critical. A fair well-presented biography may take years to research and write. 36. This passage is mostly about _______.
A. the characteristics of autobiographies，memoirs，and biographies B. famous autobiographies
C. why biography can be difficult to write
D. differences between autobiographies and memoirs 37. Helen Keller wrote________. A. a memoir B. an autobiography C. a work of fiction D. a biography
38. Autobiography writers are not always objective because they________. A. feel they have to make up details to make their books sell B. constantly compete with biography writers C. want to present themselves in a good light D. have trouble remembering the good times
39. The writer introduces each category in the passage by________. A. defining it B. giving an example
C. explaining why it is hard to write D. telling when people first began writing it 40. Diverse means________. A. able to swim in deep water B. similar or alike C. varied or different D. enjoying poetry Passage nine
The flying fox is not a fox at all. It is an extra large bat that has got a fox?s head, and that feeds on fruit instead of insects (昆虫). Like all bats, flying foxes hang themselves by their toes when at
rest, and travel in great crowds when out flying. A group will live in one spot for years.
Sometimes several hundred of them occupy (占据) a single tree. As they return to the tree toward sunrise, they quarrel among themselves and fight for the best places until long after daylight. Flying foxes have babies once a year, giving birth to only one at a time. At first the mother has to carry the baby on her breast wherever she goes. Later she leaves it hanging up, and brings back food for it to eat. Sometimes a baby bat falls down to the ground and squeaks (尖叫) for help. Then the older ones swoop (俯冲) down and try to pick it up. If they fail to do so, it will die. Often hundreds of dead baby bats can be found lying on the ground at the foot of a tree.
41. The passage tells us that there is no difference between the flying fox and the ordinary bat in______.
A. their size. B. their appearance. C. the kind of food they eat. D. the way they rest. 42. Flying foxes tend to ______.
A. double (翻一番) their number every year. B. fight and kill a lot of themselves. C. move from place to place constantly. D. lose a lot of their young.
43. At daybreak every day flying foxes begin to______.
A. fly out toward the sun. B. look for a new resting place. C. come back to their home. D. go out and look for food. 44. Flying foxes have fights ______. A. to occupy the best resting places. B. only when it is dark.
C. to protect their homes from outsiders (外来者). D. when there is not enough food. 45. How do flying foxes care for their young? A. They only care for their own babies. B. They share the feeding of their young. C. They help when a baby bat is in danger. D. They often leave home and forget their young. Passage ten
A very strict officer was talking to some new soldiers whom he had to train. He had never seen them before, so began, “My name is Stone, and I?m even harder than stone, so do what I tell you or there?ll be trouble. Don?t try any tricks (诡计) with me, and then we?ll get on well together.” Then he went to each soldier one after the other and asked him his name, “Speak loudly so that everyone can hear you clearly,” he said, “and don?t forget to call me ?sir?.”
Each soldier told him name, until he came to the last one. This man remained silent. and so Captain Stone shouted at him, “when I ask you a question, answer it! I?ll ask you again： What?s
your name, soldier?”
The soldier was very unhappy, but at last he replied, “My name?s Stonebreaker, sir,” he said nervously (紧张地). 46. The officer was strict
A. because the soldiers were new. B. with any of his soldiers, new or old. C. because he was named Stone. D. only when he was before soldiers. 47. According to what the officer said,
A. obeying his orders would sometimes bring no trouble. B. trouble would come if anybody made tricks. C. he always got on well with his soldiers. D. he often had trouble with his soldiers. 48. The last soldier remained silent because A. he didn?t like the way the officer spoke to them.
B. he wanted to see what would happen if he disobeyed his order. C. the question was difficult for him to answer.
D. he was afraid the officer would be angry when he heard his name. 49. According to the officer, how to answer the question,” How old are you ?” A. (sadly) Twenty, sir. B. (clearly) Twenty.
C. (loudly) Twenty, sir D. (quickly) Ten years younger than you, sir 50. Which is the best title (题目) for the passage? A. A Clever Answer B. A Terrible Answer C. A Sorry Answer D. A Strange Answer Passage eleven
Even if you are a good high-jumper, you can jump only about seven feet off the ground. You cannot jump any higher because the earth pulls you hard. The pull of the earth is called gravity. You can easily find out the pull of the earth. If you weigh yourself, you will know how much gravity is pulling you.
Since there is gravity, water runs down hill. When you throw a ball into the air, it falls back down. Because of gravity, you do not fall off the earth as it whirls (旋转) around.
Then, can we get away from the earth and go far out into space? Now you can do it, because spaceships have been invented. Then spaceship will go so fast that it can escape (逃出) the earth?s gravity and carry you into space.
51. In this passage, the word “gravity” means. A. the pull of everything.
B. the force of attraction (吸引) among objects.
C. the force which attracts objects towards the centre of the earth D. the force which attracts the earth towards the sun. 52. When you slip(滑) you always fall to the ground because