选修8 Unit 1 单词及课文详解 △California 加利福尼亚(州) △Californian 加利福尼亚(州)人
△illustrate vt. 说明;阐明 illustration 实例 插图 图解 Be illustrated with 有插图 - sth. 给书加插图 阐明 By way of -tion 作为说明 in -tion of 作为...例证
distinct adj. 清晰的;明显的;明确的 distinctive 独特的 有特色的 distinction n. 差别;区分cn;卓著 优秀un.
Distinguish between and :distinguish A from B -ed 杰出的 以...著名 Make a distinction between and
Make no distinction 没有区别: without distinction with distinction 优异地 △immigrant n. (从外国移入的)移民
live on 继续存在;继续生存 - by 以..为生 - through 活过 度过...熬过 Live up to 实践原则 誓言等 做到 - down 改过自新生活忘掉过错 strait n. 海峡=straits △Bering 白令海峡
Arctic adj. 北极的;北极区的 the Arctic 北极
means n. 手段;方法
by means of… 用……办法;借助 By all means 一定 务必 by no means 绝不
By this means 通过这种方式:in this way/ with this method/ in this manner by some means or other 想尽办法
△prehistoric adj. 史前的
majority n. 大多数;大半 the - 做主语 谓语动词单数 各个成员 可用复数 The - of + 单数名词或pl. 谓语动词与名词保持一致 In a - 占大多数 get a - 获得多数票 have a - 拥有多数 Major minor minority -ity ...状态、性质
ministry n. (政府的)部;(全体)牧师;牧师的职责 神职任期 the - of Defense Catholic adj. 天主教的 n.天主教徒 △Alaska n. 阿拉斯加(州)
△San Francisco n. 圣弗朗西斯科(也称旧金山) △adventurer n. 冒险家
make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等 △despite prep. 尽管;不管 hardship n. 苦难;困苦
elect vt. 选择;决定做某事;选举某人 federal adj. 联邦制的;联邦政府的 rail n. 铁路;扶手;(护栏的)横条 percentage n. 百分比;百分率 △Los Angeles n. 洛杉矶 Italy n. 意大利
Italian n. 意大利人;意大利语adj.意大利人的;意大利语的 Denmark n. 丹麦(北欧国家)
keep up 坚持;维持;沿袭(风俗、传统等)- away from 不接近
- back 阻止 抑制 -... From 阻止 免受伤害 - off 远离 - out 使不入内
- up with 跟上 -an eye on 注视 - hold of 抓住 - a record of记载 - in touch with △Hollywood n. 好莱坞;美国电影业
boom n. (人口、贸易的)繁荣 (运动 音乐)突然风靡的时期 深沉的响声 V. 轰鸣 激增 处于经济迅速发展时期
-er=baby -er 生育高峰期出生的人 - town 新兴都市 aircraft n. 飞行器;航空器;飞机
△Cambodian n. 柬埔寨人;柬埔寨语 Korea n. 韩国;朝鲜
Korean n. 韩国/朝鲜人;朝鲜/韩语 adj.韩国(人/语)的;朝鲜(人/语)的 Pakistan n. 巴基斯坦
Pakistani adj. 巴基斯坦(人)的 n.巴基斯坦人 △immigrate vi. 移入(外国定居) immigration n. 移民;移居入境 racial adj. 人种的;种族的
crossing n. 横渡;横越;十字路口;人行横道 vice n. & adj. 代理;副职 nephew n. 侄子;外甥 pole n. 地极;电极;磁极 applicant n. 申请人
customs n. 海关;关税;进口税
socialist n. 社会主义者;社会党人 adj.社会主义者的 socialism n. 社会主义
occur vi. 发生;出现有计划或无计划 It -s to sb. To do/ that... 某人想到 -rence cattle n. 牛(总称)
△Hispanic n. (美)讲西班牙语的美国人 indicate vt. 指出;指示;表明;暗示 back to back 背靠背
luggage n. 行李(<美>baggage)
shave vt. & vi. (shaved; shaved, shaven) 刮;剃 △cable n. 缆绳;绳索;电缆 △cable car 缆车;(美)有轨缆车 △Andrew Hallidie 安德鲁?海利迪 tram n. (有轨)电车
apparent adj. 显而易见的;显然的;表面上的 apparently adv. 显然地;显而易见地 It is - to sb. That... 在某人看来 显然...
brake n. 闸;刹车;制动器 Vi. & vt. 刹(车);用制动器减速 conductor n. (公车)售票员;列车员;(乐队)指挥 slip vi. 滑动;滑行;滑跤 n.滑动;滑倒 小错误
- off 迅速脱去衣服:- out of -on 迅速穿上 -out 被无意中说出 - away 消失 消亡 - up 犯错误 疏忽 △wharf n. 码头
bakery n. 面包房;面包厂
ferry n. 渡船;渡口 vt.摆渡;渡运 △Angel Island 天使岛
team up with 与……合作或一起工作 hire vt. & n. 租用;雇用
- sth. To ...租给 - ... From...向...租借 租设备用hire 租房子:let/rent △fascinating adj. 迷人的;吸引人的 mark out 划线;标出……界线 选定 表明
- down 记下 减价 给低分 - off 划出界限 -up 标高价格 - with 以..为标记 - for life 留下终生的伤痕 seagull n. 海鸥
take in 包括;吸收理解 欺骗
- apart 拆开 -away 拿走 - back 收回- to 喜欢 习惯 - on承担 呈现 雇佣 - over 接管-up 占据 继续 -up with 和 交往
angle n. 角;角度
a great/good many 许多;很多
Many/many a/an / a great/good many/ more than one/ a good/large number of +pl. Much/ a good/great deal of/ a large amount of /amounts of+un
A lot of/lots of/ a quantity of/ quantities of/ plenty of/ a supply of/supplied of+pl./un Amounts of/ quantities of+un. 谓语动词用复数 Many a(more than one)+单数 谓语动词用单数 apply for 申请;请示得到
Apply 申请 敷 产生作用 使努力 - to do 申请做 - ..to..将...涂抹于
- oneself to 专心从事 applicant application applied nowhere adv. 无处;到处都无 △miserable adj. 痛苦的;悲惨的 punishment n. 处罚;惩罚 justice n. 公正;公平
mourn vt. & vi. 哀悼;悼念;表示悲痛 -er哀悼者 -ful 忧伤的 -ing n, 哀悼 civil adj. 公民的;国内的;民间的
authority n. 权威;权力 (pl)当局;官方
reform vt. & vi. 改革;革新 n.改革;改造;改良 grasp vt. & n. 抓住;抓紧;掌握;领会 △thoughtful adj. 关切的;体贴的;深思的 thankful adj. 感激的;感谢的
insert vt. 插入;嵌入 n. 插面广告 挿入物 -ion 放入
选修八Unit1 CALIFORNIA加利福尼亚
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population(grow/fall; large/small). 加州是美国第三大洲, 而且是人口最多的州。 It also has the distinction of (有与众不同之处)being the most multicultural(多元文化的,multi-多方面 多方向 multicolored multimedia multiparty) state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. 加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州。它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。 The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. 这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。 This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史,你就不会对其文化的多样性感到惊奇了。 NATIVE AMERCANS美洲土著人
Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 最早一批人具体是什么时候来到我们现在了解的加利福尼亚地区的, 谁也说不清楚。 However, it is likely (可能的,=probable , it is likely that/sb is likely to do more than likely 很可能 likeable 可爱的 likewise同样的 likelihood可能性)that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而,可能至少在一15,000年以前美洲土
著人就住在加利福尼亚了。Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. 科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。 In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffer(+痛苦 损失; suffer from+ 战争 自然灾害带来的苦难-ance 经勉强同意 )ed greatly. 欧洲人在16世纪到来这里之后,土著人遭受了极大的苦难。 Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. 成千上万人被杀或被迫成为奴隶。In addition, many died from(外因 die of 内因 - by 自杀 吊死 被刀剑杀死 - down 渐渐消失 -off 相继死去 -away 逐渐消失 - out 绝种 pass away sleep the final sleep be no more breathe one’s last)the diseases brought by the Europeans. 另外, 欧洲人带来的疾病,使许多人染病而死。 However, some survived (比...活的长 - from 从..幸存下来 -on靠...维生 survival survivor)these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. 不过,还是有一些人经历了这些恐怖时期而活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。 THE SPANISH西班牙人
In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. 在18世纪的时候,加利福尼亚是被西班牙统治的。 Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought(打架 打仗 争辩 - against 为反对..而斗争 - for 为争取 而斗争 - with并肩战斗;=- against ; - back 奋力抵抗 -off 击退 -sth. Back 忍住 抑制住 - to the death 战斗到底) against the native people and took their land. 西班牙士兵最早是在16世纪初期来到南美洲的,他们同土著人打仗,夺去了他们的土地。Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. 两个世纪以后, 西班牙人在南美洲大部分地区定居下来,而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加利福尼亚州的西班牙人中,大部分是宗教人士,他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence(win/gain/have -from, be independent form/of independent school=private school)from Spain. 1821年,墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立。 California then became part of Mexico.加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。In 1846 the United States declared (+n./that../sb./sth. To be/as... - war on宣战 - against 声明反对 -on 宣布...要发生 -for 宣布支持 -off宣布取消 -ration -d 公开宣布的 公开 正式 announce 第一次宣布 预
告性质)war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. 1846年美国向墨西哥宣战,美国赢得战争胜利后,墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。However, there is still a strong Spanish influence(exert /have - on/upon...)in the state. 但是,这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙文化的影响。That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。It/that/this is why... The reason why...is that... RUSSIANS俄罗斯人
In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. 在19世纪初期,一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。 Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco. 今天,住在旧金山及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人大约25,000人。 GOLD MINERS金矿工
In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. 1848年,美墨战争后不久,在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。 The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. 发财梦很快就吸引了来自世界各地的人。The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. 距离最近因而来的最早的是南美洲人和美国人, Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. 随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。 In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. 事实上, 很少有人圆了发财梦。Some died or returned home, but most remained (-+n./a./done/doing/介词短语;+to do/to be done; that... -der 剩余物 -s 残余物 -ing 剩下的)in California to make a life (开始新生活 习惯新的生活方式)for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. 许多人死了或回家了,但是尽管条件十分艰苦,大多数人仍然留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生,在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。 By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候, 它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。 LATER A RRIVALS后来的移民
Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 虽然中国移民在淘金热期间就开始来到(美国),但是更大批量的中国移民却是