被动语态
被动语态
知识精讲
一、被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被、受、给”等被动词来表示被动意义 。其结构是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词done”构成的。be本身无词义，但有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化与时态中的变化一致。
各种时态的被动语态结构表（以动词do为例）：
时态 被动语态 例句 The classroom is cleaned by us. 一般现在时 am/is/are+ done 教室被我们打扫。 The kite was made by him yesterday. 一般过去时 was/were+ done 昨天，风筝被他制作。 Flowers are being watered by her. 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being+ done 花儿现在正在被她浇。 The work has been finished by Jim. 现在完成时 have/has +been+ done 工作已经被做完。
Trees will be planted by them 一般将来时 will/shall/be going to + be tomorrow. done 明天，树将被他们种。 A letter was being written by her at 过去进行时 was/were + being+ done this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候一封信正在被写。 The work had been finished by Jim. 过去完成时 had+ been +done 工作早已经被他完成了。 He can be found by me. 含有情态动词 can/may/must +be +done 他不能被发现。
二、被动语态的用法
1. 不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。例： The bridge was built last year. 这座桥是去年建造的。 He was elected chairman. 他被选为主席。
2. 当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。例：
The room hasn’t been cleaned yet. 房间还没有打扫。 The tiger was killed by him. 老虎被他杀死了。 3. 当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。例： The window was blown by wind. 窗户被风吹开了。
The whole village has been washed away by the flood. 整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。
三点剖析
一、考点：被动语态的句子结构和用法。
二、重难点：谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义：
1. 英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
例：This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布料很好洗。
2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等，以主动形式表示被动意义。
例：How do the newspapers come out?
这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
3. 系动词没有被动形式，但感官系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例：Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来很合理。
三、易错点：
1. 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加上介词to。
例：The great news made her feel happy. 可改为 She was made to feel happy by the great news.
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
2. 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 例：The meeting is to be put off till Friday. 这场会议将会推迟到周五。
3. “动词+宾语+宾补 ”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余
不动。
例：Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为
The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4. 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为
主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。 例：His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为
He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
题模精选
题模一：主动语态变为被动语态
例1.1.1 主动语态变为被动语态： I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.
____________________________________________
例1.1.2 主动语态变为被动语态：
The old man is watering flowers in the garden. ____________________________________________
例1.1.3 主动语态变为被动语态：
The boy always plays the computer games at night. ____________________________________________ 题模二：基本用法
例1.2.1 The boy _________ to get supper ready after school. A． were told B． is telling C． was told D． tells
例1.2.2 This dictionary mustn’t_________ from the library. A． take away B． taken away C． are taken away D． be taken away
随堂练习
随练1.1 将下列句子变成被动语态。
1. They threw away the old book yesterday ____________________________________________ 2. He had written a letter to his mother. ____________________________________________ 3. People have seen the bear in this village. ____________________________________________ 4. The workers are repairing the bridge. ___________________________________________
5. You shouldn’t bring dictionary to the English exam. ___________________________________________
随练1.2 This kind of books sells well. They_________ already. A． sold out
B． have sold out C． are sold out
D． have been sold out
随练1.3 ---Your coat looks nice. Is it _________ wool? ---Yes. It is_________ Australia. A． made of, make by B． made of, made in C． made for, made in D． made from, made by
随练1.4 The pizza _________ by my mother. Would you like to have some? A． makes B． was making C． made D． was made
随练1.5 The classroom must _________ every day. A． be kept clean B． be kept cleaning C． keep cleaned D． keeps clean