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明确的定义，即 “退火”。 It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily. 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。 The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。 2.同位法。如: They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times. 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。 We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 —this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。 3.对比法。如: She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。 4.构词法
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(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如: Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。 5.因果法。如： The lack of movement caused the muscles to the weakness was the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。 体验高考 1.[2017·北京卷] D Hollywood\\’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a
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mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own,
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with the real world as the chessboard. ??
?? The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long
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as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction. 67．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________． A．run out of human control B．satisfy human\\’s real desires C．command armies of killer robots D．work faster than a mathematician 68．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly
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