句中Systems that contain a microprocessor largely invisible to the user 和systems in which the
user is never, or rarely, expected to load a program 并列。
4. Traditionally, sales channels for embedded devices are different from channels for computers,
although this separation has progressively blended, as desktop computers have become more of a commodity item.
从传统意义上来说，嵌入式设备的销售渠道和计算机的销售渠道是不同的，目前这两种销售
渠道不同之处是难以区分的，就像（不是因果关系）个人计算机已经变得更像常用商品。
7.2 Distinguishing Between Embedded and General-Purpose
1. This is in clear contrast to general-purpose systems for which programs and usage are rarely
known at design time and for which these parameters can only be inferred based on statistical information about the installed base.
这些与通用系统形成鲜明的对照，在通用系统中设计时程序和使用方法很难明确，许多参数只能通过使用时的统计信息加以推测。
2. In particular, the emerging ubiquitous networking infrastructure is making it much more likely that devices will have multiple functions and more general-purpose functionality.
特别地，网络的普遍使用使得它更加可能成为一个多功能多用途的设备。
3. In the general-purpose domain, the only successful approach to this problem has been through
binary compatibility, whereby successive generations of microprocessors and systems run
previously compiled binary programs without modification.
在通用领域，成功地解决这个问题的方法是通过二进制兼容、处理器继承性制造来实现的，这样，系统不经修改就能够运行原来已经编译过的程序。 4. On the positive side, porting Linux—and gcc—to a new platform is a “simple matter of engineering,” and acquiring licensing rights is not an issue, in the spirit of Open Source development.
从积极的一面看，在开源开发中，移植Linux 和gcc 到一个新的平台是一件比较容易的工作，获得许可权并不是一件困难的事情。
7.3 Characterizing Embedded System
1. The first two markets in particular are fast-growing segments (as far as processors are concerned),
implying a tremendous push in performance demands, as well as power and cost requirements for
the processing engines that will drive these market segments.
特别是前两个市场处于飞速发展的阶段（就如我们所关注的处理器一样），这意味着对处理器的性能、功耗、成本的要求将产生巨大的推动力，同时这也推动着市场发展。
句中performance demands 和power and cost requirements 并列；that will drive these market segments 修饰performance demands, as well as power and cost requirements。
7.4 The Image Processing and Consumer Market
1. Dithering itself (also called halftoning) is a
computationally intensive sequential operation that requires examining a neighborhood of pixels to produce the next value.
抖动图像（也称为间色）是一种高密集度运算处理，这种处理要求检测像素的邻域以产生下 一个计算值。
句中that requires examining a neighborhood of pixels to produce the next value 修饰a
computationally intensive sequential operation。 2. DVD gave consumers their first taste of digital video in 1997, using disks that store 5GB to 12 GB of data and transfer information at up to 10 Mbit/s, giving significantly higher quality than VHS tapes or even analog broadcast.
在1997 年DVD 给消费者一个全新的数字视听感受，它应用存储容量为5 GB 到12 GB 且
传输速度高达10 Mbit/s 的磁盘，它的图像和声音品质远远高出VHS 磁带和模拟广播电视。
句中using disks that store 5 GB to 12 GB of data and transfer information at up to 10 Mbit/s,
31
giving significantly higher quality than VHS tapes or even analog broadcast 修饰DVD。
3. But the most important overall point is that video compression, like any compression scheme,
makes a storage-computation trade off, whereby better compression ratios can be achieved by
applying more processing power to both encoding and decoding stages.
关键点就是像任何压缩方案一样，视频压缩也要权衡存储容量和运算量之间的关系，之后通
过在编码和解码阶段应用更高的处理能力就能达到更好的压缩比。
7.5 The Communications Market and the Automotive Market
1. Systems involved in the telecommunication and networking infrastructure manipulate digital
circuits and/or digital packet data, and depending on the protocol level they operate in are
responsible for initiating, servicing, routing,
transporting, and terminating network connections. 在通信和网络底层的系统操作着数字电路和/或数据包，根据协议级别的不同，这些系统分别负责初始化、提供服务、路由传输和终止网络连接。
句中systems 是are responsible for initiating, servicing, routing, transporting, and terminating
network connections 的主语。they 指systems。 2. Placing a call involves reserving a time slot on each link between the two endpoints and getting the
infrastructure to move bytes from time slot to time slot at each switch along the path.
建立一个呼叫需要在两个端点之间的每一个线路上预留一个时隙，而且需要一个设施，这个设施能够将字节沿着路径在每个交换处从一个时隙移动到另一个时隙。
句中placing a call 为主语，involves 为谓语，reserving a time slot on each link between the two endpoints 和 getting the infrastructure to move bytes from time slot to time slot at each switch along the path 并列。
3. A typical “backbone” router (e.g. those owned by MCI and Sprint) has between 16 and 32
interfaces, each running at OC-192 rates, which is
roughly 10 Gbit/s.
一个主干路由器（例如：MCI 和Sprint 所拥有的）有16 到32 个接口，每个接口以OC-192 速度运行，OC-192 速度大致是10 Gbit/s。
4. In the automotive control world, consumer demand for enhanced safety features and entertainment systems, and emissions control regulations, have fueled a tremendous growth of the role of computing components.
在汽车控制领域，消费者对汽车安全性、娱乐性、排气控制方面更高的要求激发了计算机在汽车控制行业应用的快速增长。
句中for enhanced safety features and entertainment systems, and emissions control regulations 修 饰consumer demand，作为主语。
5. The complexity of the systems themselves and the algorithms used to drive them is increasing, and each subsystem is starting to share data in real time, thus opening up opportunities for better control.
系统本身以及驱动算法的复杂度正在增长，每个子系统开始实时共享数据，这些为更好的控制提供了机会。
7.6 A Survey of Embedded Operating System
1. Because of the modular nature of Linux, it is easy to slim down the operating environment by
-221-
removing utility programs, tools, and other system services that are not needed in an embedded environment.
因为Linux 的模块化结构特性，使得裁剪操作环境很容易，裁剪操作系统可以通过删除在嵌入式环境中不需要的程序、工具和其他系统服务的方法进行。 2. One of the major advantages of Linux is that it is a fully functional OS, with support for network that is becoming a very important requirement in embedded systems because people need to “compute anywhere, anytime”.
Linux 最主要的优点之一就是它是一个具有网络支持功能的全功能操作系统，在嵌入式系统
中网络支持是很重要的一部分，因为人们希望随时
32
随地都可以使用计算机。
句中with support for network that is becoming a very important requirement in embedded
systems because people need to “compute anywhere, anytime”修饰a fully functional OS。
3. Windows CE requires the underlying CPU to use a flat 32-bit address space and support kerneland
user-mode operation, to support virtual memory using an MMU and to be little-endian.
Windows CE 要求在具有如下功能的CPU 上运行：32 位的地址空间；支持内核模式和用户模式操作；支持MMU 虚拟内存，而且内存为小端模式。 句中to use a flat 32-bit address space and support kernel- and user-mode operation, to support
virtual memory using an MMU and to be little-endian 修饰CPU。
参 考 文 献
1. Curtis D.Johnson. Process Control Instrumentation Technology. 北京：科学技术出版社. 2002 2. http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components 3. http://webct.uow.edu.au
4. 刘剑. 电气工程及自动化专业英语. 北京：中国电力出版社，2004
5. Steven W. Smith. The Scientist and Engineer?s Guide to Digital Signal Processing. California Technical Publishing. 1997 6. http://www.intel.com 7. http://www.atmel.com
8. http://www.ustr.net/electronics
9. Tamara Dean. Guide to Telecommunications Technology. 北京：清华大学出版社. 2003 10. http://www.cse.ucsd.edu 11. http://books.elsevier.com__
33