1) 开头和结尾原则 (The Beginning and Ending)和文章的结构有关。在开头和结尾都是会出题目的。结尾一般用的句型：Next I would like to…; Following this lecture…; to end my lecture…; to wrap up my lecture…; to wind up my lecture…; to put the finishing touch on my lecture…
(2) 原因原则(The Reasons and Results) 表示原因的关联词，如because(口语中叫cause), for, since, thanks to, due to, attibuted to, the reason…is…; 表示结果的关联词，如so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, that’s why…
(3) 转折原则(Turning Point) but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, while, in fact , still, yet, unluckily, unfortunately, on the other hand, to tell you the truth, to be frank/honest although, though, even if, even though
(4) 强调原则(Emphasis) A. 语气强调重读(Stress)、停顿(Pause)、口误(Honest Mistake)、口吃等
B. 语义强调 比如材料里听到ok,now,and,well,remember,surprise,以及
only, must 等绝对词; 或者老师说What I mean is…; What I want you to do is…。或者材料中也用形容词进行语义强调，如…is important/fatal/vital/essential/basic/fundamental/ interesting/necessary
C. 比较强调同级比较、比较级(Comparative)、最高级(Superlative)都是强调，都很重要。如：一些句型compared to, in comparison。还有序数词，方位词和一些介词强调（Ordinal numbers, Prepositions)。如： first…;last…;also;before,after,by等。
D. 结论强调(Conclusions) 比如：in conclusion, to conclude, in a word, all in all, last but not the least, to sum up
E. 举例强调(Examples) 比如：for example/instance（记下关键词）, such as/like/need/include/involve（记下首字母）, to demonstrate/illustrate, to give you a clearer idea/picture (5) 问答原则(Questions and Answers) 比如设问句或学生提问，问题和回答都很重要
(6) 解释原则-下定义(Definitions) 常用结构有：定语、同位语
(7) 建议原则(Suggestions) 建议句型