-2 bottles of mineral water (1.5 liter each): 99p -1 full-length pillow: 99p -3 rolls of kitchen towel: 99p
“99便士”商店，每样东西都比其他店要便宜得多。例如： ---4罐可口可乐/百事可乐（每罐0.33公升）：99便士 ---香蕉条（450克）：99便士 ---2瓶矿泉水（每瓶1.5公升）：99便士 ---1个长枕头：99便士 ---3卷餐巾：99便士
开怀一笑Jokes
Snake in Class 课堂上的蛇
One of my third-grade students brought in a snake for show-and-tell. I am afraid of snakes, but since the boy was responsible, I decided to let him go ahead. Another teacher had come in to 我教的一名 年级学生带了一条蛇到help that day and , not being fearful of 教室作演示讲解。我很怕蛇，不过，snakes, picked the creature up with the 既然那蛇由那名男生管着，我就决定stem of her glasses so everyone could 让他讲解。那天另一位老师也来帮忙，see it. 她不怕蛇，所以她用眼镜的支架将那 As she was putting it back into its 东西挑起来，好让每个人都看清楚。 container, the snake slithered loose. 当她要把蛇放回笼子时，蛇滑脱了。Everyone began to scream and run 大家开始尖叫起来，四处乱跑，那个around while the teacher tried to catch 老师拼命去捉那条逃掉的蛇。 the snake. 为了恢复课堂秩序，我让孩子们回到 To restore peace, I told the children to 座位上去。但有一位小女孩拒不执行get into their seats, but one little girl 我的命令。我生气了，最后一次严厉repeatedly refused my orders. 地批评她回到座位上去。她转向我，Exasperated, I sternly asked her one 很礼貌地说道：“我回不去，鲍多茵小final time to return to her seat. She 姐。你正站在我的座位上呢。” turned to me and politely said, ― I can‘t, Miss Bowdoin. You‘re standing on my chair.
Chapter6 Mass Media 大众传媒
报纸Newspapers
More daily newspapers are sold per person in the UK than in almost any other country: there are twelve national
31
daily newspapers and eleven national Sunday ones. While the more serious newspapers have a lot of home and
international news, some of the more popular ―tabloids‖ (so-called because of their size) concentrate on the more spectacular and scandalous aspects of life in Britain.
Although newspaper sales have fallen slightly over the past few years, newspapers have an important effect on public opinion. Most British newspapers are owned by big businesses and although they are not directly linked to political parties, there are strong connections .The majority of newspapers---even those which carry little serious news---are conservative in
The old image of London‘s Fleet Street as the center of the newspaper printing and publishing world has changed, and in fact all the big newspapers have moved from Fleet Street to more modern premises. New technology has altered the whole shape of the industry, with changes in the production process and a reduction in the number of employees.
One of the beneficial of computerized production has been improved graphics and photographs, a development first seen in The Independent, founded in 1986 and Britain‘s first few quality newspaper since the last century. The tendency has been for newspapers to become smaller but to contain more pages. Sunday papers have color magazines and several of the dailies have weekend supplements, perhaps because people now have more time to read them. Competition for circulation is intense and newspapers have tired several methods to increase the number of people who read them, including the
32
outlook.
英国人均买日报的数量居世界之首：英国有2份全国性的日报和11份全国性的星期天报。严肃的报纸报道许多国内外的新闻，流行的“小报”（该名称源于它们的规格）则注重报道英国社会的辉煌和丑闻。
尽管报纸的销售量在过去几年中有所下降，但是报纸仍然对公众舆论产生重大影响。大部分英国报纸归大集团所有，虽然它们不是直接与政党挂钩，但是它们与政党的联系相当紧密。多数报纸---即使是不报道严肃新闻的报纸---都保持着保守的态度。
伦敦的舰队街作为英国报业印刷和出版中心的地位已经事过境迁了。事实上，许多大报已经搬出了舰队街，迁到更现代的地方。新技术改变了整个报业的状况，包括生产流程的辩护啊以及工作人员的减少。
use of color, competitions and national bingo games. Running a newspaper is a expensive and competitive business and several new papers started and failed during the 1980s. Overall, the number of people reading newspapers has declined in recent year.
电脑化生产的另一个好处是使给绘图和图片更精美。《独立报》是首先应用这项新技术的报纸。《独立报》于1986年创刊，是英国上个世纪以来第一份新创刊的高质量报纸。一个趋势是报纸的规格变得越来越小但是版数越来越多。星期天报纸通常包括彩页杂志，一些日报还有周末增刊---可能是因为现在人们有更多的时间去阅
读。发行量的竞争很强烈，各报各显神通来增加读者群，包括使用彩页，举行竞赛和全国性的宾果游戏等。经营报纸是非常昂贵的事业，竞争异常
主要地区报纸Major Regional Papers 苏格兰 Scotland
Sunday Post苏格兰星期天邮报 Sunday Mail周日邮报 Daily Record每日邮报 英格兰England
London Evening Standard伦敦标准晚报
Manchester Evening News曼彻斯特晚报
Wolverhampton Express and Star伍尔弗汉普顿星快报
Liverpool Echo利物浦回声 Yorkshire Post约克郡邮报 威尔士Wales
Western Mail西部通讯报
全国性星期天报纸National Sundays Quality Papers严肃日报
Sunday Times星期日泰晤士报 Sunday Telegraph星期日电讯报 Observer观察家
Independent on Sunday星期日独立报
广播Radio
BBC Radio broadcasts five national services to the United Kingdom, plus regional services in Wales (including programs in Welsh), Scotland and Northern Ireland. These are: Radio 1: pop and rock music;
Radio 2: light music, entertainment and sport;
Radio 3: classical music, drama and documentaries;
Radio 4: news, documentaries, drama and entertainment, and educational programs for schools and adults;
33
激烈。20世纪80年代就有好几家新报纸开业，但很快就倒闭了。总体来说，近年来读报的人在减少。
全国性日报National Dailies Quality Papers严肃报纸 Daily Telegraph每日电讯报 The Times泰晤士报
Financial Times金融时报 Guardian卫报
Independent独立报
Popular Papers通俗报纸 Sun太阳报
Daily Mail每日邮报 Mirror 镜报
Daily Express每日快报 Daily Star每日星报
Popular Papers通俗报纸 News of the World世界新闻 Mail on Sunday星期日邮报 Sunday Mirror星期日镜报 Sunday People星期日人物报 Sunday Express星期日快报
BBC 有五个广播频道面向英国全国范围进行广播，还对威尔士（包括威尔士语节目）、苏格兰和北爱尔兰等地区播送区域性广播节目。它们是： Radio 5: sport, educational programs and children‘s programs.
广播一台：流行和摇滚音乐
广播二台：轻音乐、娱乐和体育 广播三台：古典音乐，戏剧和记录片
广播四台：新闻、记录片、戏剧和娱乐，以及学校和承认的教育节目
广播五台：体育、教育和儿童节目 There are also thirty-two BBC local radio stations and a number of independent local stations. The first national commercial radio licences were BBC 有32个地方电台，独立地方issued in 1992 and many radio stations 电台更是数不胜数。第一个商业电台now also broadcast on the Internet. 诞生于1992年，许多电台也在网上广There is advertising on the independent 播。独立商业频道可以播放广告。 commercial channels.
The External Service of the BBC broadcasts over 700 hours of programs a week in thirty-seven languages. It is estimated that over 120 million people listen to the service.
每周BBC 用37种语言进行700小时的对外广播。据估计，有1亿2千万听众收听BBC 的这类节目。
英特网The Internet
By the end of the 1990s the Internet and World Wide Web had become increasing important as a contributor to education, entertainment and information. By the 到29世纪90年代因特网和万维网已year 2000, 38% of primary schools and 经在教育、娱乐和信息的发展方面变98% of secondary schools were 得越来越重要。截止2000年，38%的connected to the Internet. In 2000 over a 小学和98%的中学连接了因特网。在third of all people in Britain used e-mail, 2000年，超过1/3的英国人使用电子With rapid developments in technology 邮件。随着技术的迅速发展，家庭、the figures for use at home in school and 学校和工作的因特网用户将会继续增at work will continue to rise. The 加。因特网已经成为几乎所有的商业Internet is already critical to almost all 和通信领域中重要的因素。 areas of business and communication.
电视 Television
By the 19902, there were five British overseas which add to their revenue. television channels: BBC1, BBC2, ITV, Channel 4 and Channel 5. Independent channels get their income from 20世纪90年代英国有5 个电视频道：advertisements but there is no BBC1，BBC2，ITV， 第4频道和第advertising on the BBC‘s revenue comes 5频道。独立频道考广告来获得收入，from licence fees, payable by everybody 但是BBC 的频道都不播放广告：他它who has a television, plus some 们的收入来自电视机执照费（每个拥additional funds from Parliament. Both 有电视机的人都要缴纳）和议会的拨the BBC and ITV sell programs 款。BBC 和ITV都向海外售卖节目，
34
这可以增加一部分收入。
The BBC is incorporated under a Royal Charter, which means it is a state organization but not government controlled. The first television broadcasts began in 1936. The Independent Television Authority was created by an Act of Parliament in 1954 to provide an additional television broadcasting service. Commercial television consists of fifteen ITV program companies providing programs in fourteen different regions. An increasing number of programs are now made by independent production companies. A second commercial channel (BBC 2) began broadcasting in 1964. A second commercial channel (Channel 4) started in 1982 and a third channel (Channel 5) in 1997.
Channels are generally expected to provide programs which do not overlap with other channel‘s productions, and there is a Broadcasting Standards Council which is designed to make sure that unsuitable programs are not shown. By the end of the 1980s the total number of UK TV licences was around 19million, of which 2.5 million were for black and white sets and 16.5 million were for color. During the 1980s and 1990s cable and satellite TV both played an increasing role in the media in Britain, providing a greater choice for those prepared to pay for it.
In the future, digital technology and market forces offer new possibilities and the likelihood of further deregulation and commercialization of TV.
资料链接
Who watches what? 什么人看什么节目？
35
BBC 是根据一个皇家宪章被收归国有的，这意味着它是一个国家机构但不归政府管理。BBC 在1936年播出了第一个电视节目。1954年的一项一会议案获得通过，英国设立了独立电视管理局，以提供更多的电视服务。商业电视由15个ITV电视节目公司组成，面向14个不同区域提供服务。现在独立制作公司制作的节目越来越多。第二个BBC 频道（BBC2）在1964年开始运作。第二个商业频道（第四频道）和第三个商业频道（第五频道）分别在1982年和1997年开播。
通常，一个频道播放的节目不能跟别的频道重复。广播标准委员会负责对电视节目进行监管，以保证不拨出不适宜的节目。
到20世纪80年代止英国持有电视执照的用户大约是一千九百万，其中两百五十万是黑白电视机，一千六百五十万是彩色电视机。到80到90年代间有线电视和卫星电视在英国媒体中的地位逐渐提高，为有支付能力的人提供更多选择。
将来，数码技术和市场动力为电视行业的进一步解除管制和商业化提供新的可能性。