3. (1) simple: ?y tree suite
(2) bound morpheme root ?y / reuse spiteful
re-
?y
use
-ful spite
preplan pre- plan desks -s desk triumphed -ed triumph suite / suite optionality -ality option untie un- tie delight de- light fastest -est fast prettier -ier pretty tree / tree justly -ly just deform de- form mistreat mis- treat dislike dis- like payment -ment pay disobey dis- obey premature pre- mature 4. (1) Column I: ablaut (vowel modi?cation) Column II: suppletion Column III: stress modi?cation
(2) The process in the Column I is ?nished by changing the vowel of each word, while in
Column II, the process is ?nished by changing vowel and consonant of each word.
(3) Column I: awake/awoke bear/bore arise/arose blow/blew bite/bit hide/hid lie/lay know/knew foot/feet goose/geese tooth/teeth louse/lice Column II: bad/worse are/were many/more Column III: ?combine/com‘bine ?compress/com‘press7 ?conduct/con‘duct ?insert/in‘sert ?insult/in‘sult ?intern/in‘tern
5. (1) Omitted. (2) Other examples:
?rerun (n.) – re‘run (v.) ?contrast (n.) – con‘trast (v.) ?convert (n.) – con‘vert (v.) ?desert (n.) – de‘sert (v.) ?export (n.) – ex‘port (v.) ?increase (n.) – in‘crease (v.) ?conduct (n.) – con‘duct (v.) ?object (n.) – ob‘ject (v.) ?content (n.) – con‘tent (v.) ?protest (n.) – pro‘test (v.) ?insult (n.) – in‘sult (v.) ?produce (n.) – pro‘duce (v.)
When a word belongs to different word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on different syllables. When all the words above are stressed on the ?rst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verbs. 6. (1) It means ―the inhabitant of ‖. (2) It means ―the person who does‖.
(3) The morphological rule working here is ―n. + -er –– n.‖, and the last
phoneme of the noun, which the suf?x -er is added to, should be a consonant.
(4) The rule in (3) doesn‘t work in the word discoverer because the last phoneme of discoverer is a vowel /2/.
7. (1) in?ection (2) derivation (3) in?ection (4) in?ection (5) derivation
Chapter 4
Syntax
1. De?ne the following terms brie?y.
(1) syntax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence
structure.
(2) word class: a group of words which are similar in function; words which are grouped into
word classes according to how they combine with other words, how they change their forms, etc.
(3) prescriptive approach: This view regards grammar as a set of rules for
the 8“proper‖ use of a language, that‘s to say, it tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language.
(4) descriptive approach: the approach of linguistic studies, with which linguists collect
samples of the language they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used.
(5) IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents
by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. For example, the immediate constituents of ―The man bought a car‖ are the man and bought a car. The immediate constituents of the man are the and man, and so on until no further cuts can be made. The ultimate constituents of ―The man bought a car‖ at the word level are the, man, bought, a, and car.
(6) structural analysis: a type of descriptive approach to study the distribution of linguistic
forms in a language through such methods as the use of ―test frames‖.
(7) immediate constituent: Linguistic units can be divided into small constituents, which
can be further analyzed into smaller constituents. This process continues until no further divisions are possible. The ?rst division or units are known as immediate constituents.
(8) ultimate constituent: Linguistic units can be divided into small constituents, which can
be further analyzed into smaller constituents. This process continues until no further divisions are possible. The ?nal division or units are known as ultimate constituents.
(9) constituent structural grammar: It refers to a grammar which analyzes sentences using
only the idea of constituency, which reveals a hierarchy of structural levels.
(10) transformational grammar: a type of grammar which attempts to de?ne and describe by a
set of rules or principles all the grammatical sentences (without ungrammatical ones) of a language.
(11) ideational function: the use of language as a means of giving structure to our experience of
the real or imaginary world.
(12) interpersonal function: the use of language for maintaining social roles and interacting
with others.
(13) textual function: to create written or spoken texts which cohere within themselves and
which ?t the particular situation in which they are used.
2. Yes. As we know, morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and 9classes of words, while syntax focuses on the structure and ordering of components within a sentence. The major distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, while the latter is concerned with the combination of words.
3. (2) Instead of using the form ―suggest somebody to do something‖, we usually
use ―suggest + that-clause‖ or ―suggest doing‖, here we‘d better substitute “advise‖ for ―suggest‖
(4) The word ―request‖ is a transitive verb which should take an object directly, so the word
―for‖ should be omitted.
(6) The word ―donate‖ cannot be followed by double objects as ―donate somebody
something‖. Instead we always use ―donate something to somebody‖.
(10) The subject of the verb ―write‖ is usually a human; an ―article‖ cannot write itself. In this
case the passive construction is normally used: The article was very well writen.
(11) Usually we don‘t use ―be bored of something/somebody‖, but ―be bored with
something/somebody‖ which means losing interest in somebody/something.
(13) Here ―myself ‖ is a re?exive pronoun, which can‘t be used as subject, and it should
be replaced by ―I‖.
(14) The word ―surprise‖ is usually used as a transitive verb, so the expression
“?surprise for you‖ is ungrammatical, and it can be replaced by ―surprise somebody (with something)‖ or ―I was surprised by your getting married.‖
(15) The word ―sleep‖ is usually used as an intransitive verb, which can‘t take an object.
The cases of ―sleep‖ being used as a transitive verb are semantically limited, as in ―to sleep a good sleep‖ or ―the room can sleep 3 people‖.
4. It‘s ungrammatical, because ―us‖ is the objective case which can‘t serve as the subject, while
―she‖ is the subjective case which can‘t serve as the object. The sentence should be ―We visit her on Sundays‖. The personal pronouns ―you‖ and ―it‖ have the same form whether
used as the subject or object.
5. (1) NP: A Guns ―N‖ Roses concert, an arena, some 2500 fans, a full-?edged riot, A Guns ―N‖ Roses concert at an arena , A Guns ―N‖ Roses concert at an arena near ST. Louis ,The trouble, venue security, a camera, the front, the stage, the front of the stage. PP: at an arena, at an arena near ST. Louis, near ST. Louis, in disaster, near the front, of the stage, near the front of the stage. VP: staged a full-?edged riot, asked venue security, con?scate a camera.
(2) N: Guns, Roses, concert, arena, ST. Louis, disaster, fans, riot, trouble, Axl 10Rose, venue, security, camera, front, stage. Prep: at, near, in, of. V: end, stage, start, ask, con?scate, see.
6. (1) You mustn‘t end a sentence with a preposition. You mustn‘t split in?nitives 7. (i)
(ii)
8. (1) a. Terry loves his wife and I love his wife, too. b. I
love my wife as well as Terry loves his wife.
(2) a. It‘s yesterday that they said she would go. b. She
would go yesterday as they said.
(3) a. The governor is a street ?ghter who is dirty.b. The governor is a ?ghter in a dirty
street.
(4) a. The design has squares and circles, both of which are big. b. The design has big
squares, and it also has some circles. (The sizes of the circles are not mentioned.)