名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。
可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。
不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)
专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)。 (二)名词的数
1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:
(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s.eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys 辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s],以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。 (2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.
eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕 (3)以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.
eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries, strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])
(注:以―元音字母+y‖结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days) (4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下: ①加eg.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes
②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoo—zoos,radio——radios ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos ④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,
eg.photo(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos ⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes
(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.
eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thieves(res读音为[vz] (注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)
(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母。
eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,
Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)
(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。 eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish
(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。 eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors
另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。 eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister 但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。 eg.two men teachers,three women doctors
②可用―量词+of+名词复数‖这一结构表示可数名词的数量。
eg.a room of students,two boxes of pencils
2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的―量‖的表示方式如下。
(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。 eg,much money,a little bread
(2)表确定数量时,一般用―数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。 eg.a bag of rice,two glasses of milk,four bottles of water
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3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。
eg: fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙滩; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间
本册已经学过的不可数名词有:broccoli, food, dessert, orange, fruit, soccer, tennis, breakfast, lunch, dinner, help, opera, work, homework, time
ice-cream, salad, chicken(既可作可数名词,又可作不可数名词)
名词的所有格:
名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)
(1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 ①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s. eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day
②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。 eg.teachers’office,students’rooms
③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s. eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房) ④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s.
eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车) (2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构
eg.a map of China,the beginning of this game,the door of the room (3)特殊形式
①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格
eg.the boy’s name=the name of the boy(男孩的名字) the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)
China’s population=the population of China(中国的人口) China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都) ②双重所有格
eg.a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友 a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片 exercise:
1. 写出下列词的复数形式。
baby_______ case_______knife_______ photo_______ Chinese_________hamburger___________ potato_______ key______ watch_______ name_______ strawberry_________ tomato__________ dollar________ orange__________ people_________ documentary____________ boy__________ piano_______ child_________ man_______ this______ that_______ I _______ she_________ you_______ bus_______ wish_______ Japanese___________ am_________ 2. 翻译短语
五门学科________________________ 三部电影_______________________ 一些动作片___________________________ 许多手表_________________________ 一点食品________________________ 一点蔬菜________________________ 许多冰激凌________________________ 三块鸡肉___________________________ 一些工作_________________________ 许多作业___________________________
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四辆公共汽车________________________ 3.选择填空
1、There on the wall .They are very beautiful.
A. are photoes B. are photos C. is a photo D. is photos 2. This kind of car made in Shanghai. A. is B .are C .were D .has
3. There are four and two in the group. A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese,German C.Japanese, Germans 4. That’a art book. A. an B. a C. the D are
5. The boys have got already.
A. two bread B. two breads C. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread 6. The old man wants . A. six boxes of apples B. six boxes of apple C. six box of apples D. six boxs of apples 7. There some in the river. A. is ,fish B. are, fishs C. is, fishs D. are ,fish 8. There two in the box. A. is watch B. are watches C. are watch D. is watches 9. We should clean twice a day. A .our tooth B. our tooths C.teeth D.our teeth
10.The _____ meeting room is near the reading room. A.teacher B.teacher’s C.teachers’ D.teachers 11. In Britain _____ are all painted red.
A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box D.letters box 4.把下列句子变成复数句。
1. This is my friend. 2. This is a bike. 3.That is her brother. 4.This is a book. 5.That is an eraser. 6.It is a red orange. 7.He is a teacher. 8. What’s this?
9.This is my mother. 10.He is a Chinese boy.
11.I am a student.
12.A photo is on the wall. 13.You are a Chinese. 14.It is an action movie. 15.She has a nice dress. 5.改错。
1.He has many ice cream for breakfast.__________________________________________ 2.The girl has two broccoli for lunch._____________________________________________ 3.I need some salad._________________________________________________________ 4.The student does a few homework every day._____________________________________ 5.I want to go to movie._______________________________________________________ 6.We can see much clothes in the store.____________________________________________
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7.Does she have three cousin?__________________________________________________ 8.They are Japaneses.___________________________________________________________ 9.I have some apple._____________________________________________________________ 10.I want to see a Beijing Opera.____________________________________________________
六.数词
(一)基数词 在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。 1.基数词的构成 (1)1-20
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
(2)21-99 先说―几十‖,再说―几‖,中间加连字符。
23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
(3)101—999先说―几百‖,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数; 586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three
(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个―,‖,第一个―,‖前为thousand.第二个―,‖前为million,第三个―,‖前为billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。 1,001→one thousand and one
9,785→nine thousand,seven hundred and eighty-five
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty,billion(美式)
seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)
(二)序数词 在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。 1.序数词的构成
(1)一般在基数词后加th eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
(2)不规则变化 one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve——twelfih
(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth (4)从二十一后的―几十几‖直至―几百几十几‖或―几千几百几十几‖只将个位的基数词变为序数词。 twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth 2.序数词的用法
(1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。 eg.Tom is their second son. He is the first one to come here. (2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上―又—‖,―再一‖ eg: He tried a second time.他又试了—次。
Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他—次吗?(我已问了他两次) (3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。
1st 2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd (4表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。
2005年8月15日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August 15th,2005 (三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。
No.1(1号),No.3bus(3路公共汽车),Room 103,(103号旁间)The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二课) (四)分数词的表达
分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s 1/3-one third;2/5-two fifths (五)数学运算的表达
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eg.3+5=8 Three plus/and five is eight. 9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven. 6x5=30 Five times six is thirty 8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four. Exercise:
按要求补全句子。
1. There are _________________________________(58个学生)in our class. 2. There are ________________________________(65个班级)in our school. 3. I have ____________________________(13本书) in my schoolbag.
4. Are there _______________________________(73套桌椅) in this classroom.
5. There’re ____________________________(27个男生)and ________________________(31个女生) in my class. 6. There are __________________________________(15台电脑) in that room. 7. My grandma is _______________________________(82岁).
8. There are ________________________________(44位女老师) in her school. 9. There are __________________________(94位男医生) in that big hospital, 10. I can see __________________________________(几只鸟) in the tree. 11. ______________________________(多少幅画) are there in you bedroom ? 12. I have ________________________________(3本字典).
13. Can you see ________________________________(一些风筝) in the sky ? 14. Our school has _________________________________(2个图书馆) . 15. There are ___________________________________(12个月) in a year. 16. Paul’s father is _____________________________________(57岁).
17. There are ______________________________(13辆公共汽车) on the street. 18. We can see __________________________________(18个妇女) over there. 19. There are ___________________________________(22个孩子) in the room. 20. I can see ____________________________________(六杯茶) on the table.
七.时态复习-----一般现在时 1.含be动词的一般现在时
口诀:I 用am , you 用are ,is 连着他(he)她(she)它(it)。单数统统用is,复数一律都用are. 变疑问,往前提,句末问好莫丢弃,变否定,更容易,be 后not莫忘记,疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。 Be 动词要根据句中的主语的人称和数而变化。它有三种形式:am, is ,are. 练习见语法第一点。 如: I am a teacher. My brother is at school. Lucy and Lily are in Class One,Grade Two.
2. 实义动词的一般现在时
一个动作经常反复地发生,就用一般现在时。第三人称单数(he, she, it,Tom和单数名词等)作主语时,谓语动词要加“s”或“es”,这种动词形式简称为动词的单三形式。记住:单三人称单三动,其他人称用原形。如:
They get up at six o’clock. He goes to school at seven thirty.
动词第三人称单数的构成规则:
a.一般情况下在动词词尾加s 如:get----gets like----likes play—plays, want—wants, work—works, know—knows, help—helps,get—gets
b. 以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加-es;如:guess—guesses, fix—fixes, teach—teaches, brush—brushes, go—goes,do—does,watch—watches,catch—catches
c. 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es。如:study—studies,carry—carries,fly—flies,worry—worries 特殊词: have----has
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