单 元：Unit 3 Science Versus Nature
板 块：语法
语法精讲
动词的-ed形式（过去分词）
一、构成和用法
1、过去分词是动词非谓语形式的一种（v-ed），在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语。例如：
1）作状语：Interested in the stories (＝as they were interested in her stories), they gave Tracy Wong $15,000 advance. 因为对她的小说感兴趣，他们预付了Tracy Wong一万五千美元。
The boy sat at the table buried in his lessons (＝and (he) was buried in his lessons). 那位男孩坐在桌前，埋头做功课。
2）作定语：The first mammal cloned from an adult cell（＝that was / had been cloned from an adult cell）was Dolly the sheep. 第一个用成年细胞克隆的哺乳动物是克隆羊多莉。
The name mentioned in the letter（＝which was mentioned in the letter）was unknown to me. 信里提到的名字我不熟。
3）作表语：We were surprised to find that the window was broken. 窗子破了。 4）作宾语补足语：He found it hard to make himself understood. 他发现很难使自己被理解。
问题：由上例（斜体部分）你能看出过去分词有什么特点？ 结论：a）过去分词（常常）表示“被动”含义。 ．．． b）作状语和定语时，多数是由相应的从句转化而来。 2、下面的例子中过去分词不表示被动：
The ground is covered with fallen leaves. 地上铺满了落叶。
At present China is still less developed than most of western countries. 目前中国还没有多数西方国家发达。
Eating boiled eggs will do you good. 吃煮鸡蛋对你的身体有好处。 问题：斜体部分的动词有什么共同点？ 结论：fall（掉，落下），develop（发展），boil（煮）等动词在上例中是不及物动词，不及物动词是不能表示被动的，它们的过去分词形式只表示“完成”、“过去”。
3、过去分词的否定（not，never等）要放在过去分词前面。如：
Not given enough time, I had to give up halfway. 由于没有给我足够的时间，我只得中途放弃。
4、修饰分词的副词一般置于分词的前面。如： Greatly encouraged by the story, we are determined to do our best for the country. 在这个故事的鼓舞下，我们决心全心全意为祖国服务。
5、过去分词还可以与其它词组成合成形容词。
1）副词＋过去分词：well-educated（受过良好教育的），ill-treated（受到恶劣对待的），overused（被滥用的），homemade（家制的）
2）名词＋过去分词：hand-made（手工制作的），man-made（人造的）
3）另外还有，形容词（或名词）＋名词＋ed的形式：Kind-hearted（心地善良的），
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absent-minded（心不在焉的）， warm-blooded（温血的）
二、形容词化的过去分词与现在分词
有些动词的过去分词和现在分词已经变成了形容词，这类动词的往往与人的心理感受有关，如：
amaze（使吃惊）—amazed—amazing; excite（使兴奋）—excited—exciting, please（使满意）—pleased—pleasing, thrill（使紧张）—thrilled—thrilling等。这类过去分词表示：
①“感到??的（having the feeling of ）”，表示人的感受，例如：
The public was shocked at his intention to clone a human. 公众对他克隆人的意图感到震惊。 ．．．．
The disappointed parents gave a wry smile.（感到）失望的父母苦笑了笑。 ．．．．．②流露出??的（showing the feeling of），用来形容人的“表情、眼神”等，常修饰象look, expression, eye等名词，如：
The audience wore a bored look on their faces. 听众脸上挂着厌烦的表情。 ．．．．．现在分词则表示“令人（感到）??的（giving the feeling of），主要修饰表示事物的名词，但也不尽然。如：
The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。 ．．．．
They rejoiced at the exciting news. 他们对这令人兴奋的消息欣喜若狂。 ．．．．．试比较：
the disappointed boy（感到）失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩感到失望） the disappointing boy 令人失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩令人失望） 因此，在特定的语境中要多加推敲。
三、图解分词（分词各种形式的比较）
在多数情况下，现在分词表示“主动”、“进行”的含义； 过去分词表示“被动”、“完成”的含义；
如果是“被动”但又是“进行”，那么就用“现在分词的被动式”，“现在分词的被动式”一般用作定语。
如果是“主动”但又是“完成”，那么就用“现在分词的完成式”，“现在分词的完成式”用作状语。
如下图： 现在分词的被动式 the bridge being built 正在（被）兴建的桥 主动 ＋ 进行 ＝现在分词 the workers building the bridge 正在建桥的工人 被动 ＋ 完成 ＝过去分词 the bridge built 已（被）建成的桥 现在分词的完成式 Having built the bridge, the workers were allowed some days’ leave. 建完了桥后，??
1. What did the librarian _____ out of the library?
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A. permit to take B. forbid to be taken
C. allow to take D. insist being taken
2. ---- Mum, why do you give me so much popcorn?
---- _____ the boring time.
A. Kill B. Killing C. To kill D. Having killed
3. What Yang Liwei wanted to do when he got out of the spaceship was _____ the joy with all the Chinese.
A. share B. shared C. having shared D. about to share
4. When she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend ______.
A. playing with B. having played with
C. with whom to play with D. with whom to play
5. _____ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of life.
A. Seeing; frightened B. Seeing; frightening
C. Seen; frightened D. To see; frightening
6. Could you give me a hand ______ from a car, please?
A. to carry the shopping B. for carrying the shopping
C. and carrying shopping D. carrying the shopping
7. Every minute must be made full use of ______ our lessons, for the college entrance examination is coming.
A. going over B. to go over C. go over D. our going over
8. Who did the teacher have ______ an article for the wall newspaper just now?
A. written B. writing C. write D. to write
9. ______ a boy of ten, he started working to support himself.
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A. Being B. When still C. Because of D. While
10. It is worth much______ is worth doing.
A. doing it B. what to do C. do what D. to do what
11. There is always the chance ______ the weak ____ the strong.
A. of, defeating B. about, defeating
C. of, winning D. of, to defeat
12. She is looking forward as much to his return as he himself to ____ her.
A. have seen B. seeing C. see D. be seen
13. There are ten waiting rooms at the newly-built station, _____ in all 20,000 people.
A. seating B. seated C. sitting D. to seating 14. “ If ,” he added, “ _____ enough time, I would certainly have done it better.”
A. to give B. I was given C. given D. to be given
15. ---- Can’t you take a few days off from work to go with me to New York?
---- Sure. _____ my way and I will be glad to.
A. Pay B. If you pay C. To pay D. Paying 16. ______ the answer, Tom, who asked the question, still stood with his hand ______.
A. Giving; raised B. Given; raised
C. Given; risen D. Giving; rising
17.---- Shall we go swimming?
---- Ok, I’ll just go and get _______.
A. to change B. myself changed C. changed D. to be changed
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18. ---- Would you do me a favor?
---- I regret ______ I am busy just now.
A. to say B. saying C. having said D. to have said
19. I have no one _____ me, for I am a new comer here.
A. help B. helping C. to help D. to have helped
20. The building ____ in our school is for us teachers. Though there’s noise most of the day, we still feel happy about it.
A. built B. having been built C. to be built D. being built
21. There’s ____ what the weather will be like tomorrow.
A. no knowing B. not known C. not knowing D. no known
22. ---- You ___ part in the party on time.
---- Sorry, I was delay by the accident.
A. are to take B. have supposed to take
B. were to have taken D. supposed to take
23. _____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesn’t seem high at all.
A. When compared B. To compare
C. While comparing D. It compared
24. _____ in her best suit, the girl tried to make herself ____ at the party.
A. Dressed; noticed B. Dressing; noticing
C. Dressed; noticing D. Dressing; noticing
25. The matter ____ your study surely requires ____ carefully.
A. relating to; dealing with B. related to; dealt with
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