?t,v??t,c??t,p
T 如图,Tm1,v?Tm1,c?Tm1,p Tm2相同,且?t?1?m2
Tm1则 ?t,v??t,c??t,p
4. 环境压力0.1MPa下1m3刚性真空容器所包含的空间内热力学能及火用值分别是多少? 答:热力学能为零,U?0; 火用值A?p0V?100?1?100kJ
5. Draw the T-s diagram of vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with a gas-liquid separator, and point out the equipment name in each process.
12, compressor 23, condenser;
34, throttling set (expansion valve or capillary tube); 41, n evaporator.
四、计算题(3道题,共50分 )
1.(10分)空气可逆绝热流过一个喷管,进入背压0.1MPa的空间,已知空气入口参数为
p1?0.5MPa、T1?300K,问应采用什么形式的喷管?并求喷管出口流速及出口温度。 空气k = 1.4,cp=1.004kJ/(kg.K)
p解: 入口可看成滞止状态。对空气,双原子气体,可逆绝热流动时 cr?0.528
p0pB0.1??0.2〈0.528 p00.5则 采用缩放喷管 (4分) 出口压力 p2?pB?0.1MPa
k?11.4?1p0.11.4出口温度 T2?T1(2)k?300?()?189.4K (3分)
p10.5出口流速cf2?2cp(T1?T2)?2?1004?(300?189.4)?471.26m/s (3分)
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2. (15分) 水蒸气在过热器中由初始状态1的p1=6MPa、x1=0.98定压吸热,变化为500 ℃MPa的过热蒸汽状态2,画出h-s图,并求1kg水蒸气在过热器中吸收的热量。已知:当p=6 213.3 kJ/kg; h\=2 783.82 kJ/kg;当p=6 MPa、t=500 420.6 kJ/kg 时,h'=1 ℃时,h=3 解 h-s图 (5分)
MPa、x1=0.98时,可计算得到初始的焓值为 当p1=6
h1=x1h\-x1)h'
783.82+0.02×1 213.3 =0.98×2
752.4 kJ/kg (5分) =2
MPa、t2=500 420.6 kJ/kg 当 p2=6 ℃时,h2=3
由热力学第一定律,可得出过热器中水蒸气定压吸收的热量为
q12=h2-h1=3 420.6 -2 752.4 =668.2 kJ/kg ( 5分)
3. (25分)An steady flow rotary compressor receives air at 0.1MPa and 27℃, which it compresses to 0.6MPa with an adiabatic efficiency of 0.85. Based on surroundings at 27℃, determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the specific entropy change and specific availability change between inlet state and outlet state, (c) the necessary specific work input to the compressor , (d) the irreversibility (the entropy production and exergy destroyed).
(Treat the air as an ideal gas, with the specific heat at constant pressure, cp=1.004kJ/(kg.K), and the ratio of specific heats, k=1.4.)
Solution:
R?k?11.4?1cp??1.004?0.287 kJ/(kg.K) k1.4(a) The final temperature of isentropic compression is
p0.6T2s?T1(2)(k?1)/k?300()0.4/1.4?500.55K
p10.1Adiabatic efficiency ?s,C?w12sh1?h2sT1?T2s=0.85 ??w12h1?h2T1?T2The final temperature of irreversible adiabatic compression is
T2?T1?T1?T2s?s,C?300?300?500.55?535.94K (5分)
0.85(b) The specific entropy change can be calculated as follow
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Tp ?s?s2?s1?cpln2?Rln2
T1p1?1.004ln535.940.6?0.287ln?0.068kJ/(kg?K) (5分) 3000.1The specific availability change
?af??ah?ah2?ah1?(h2?h1)?T0(s2?s1)
?1.004?(535.94?300)?300?0.068?216.48kJ/k g (5分) (c)The necessary specific work input to the compressor
ws,12?h1?h2?cp(T1?T2)
?1.004?(535.94?300)?236.88kJ/kg (5分)
(d) The irreversibility can be determined as ?S?(?S)Q?(?S)W?(?S)M?SPi nFor this process, (?S)Q?(?S)M?0
Entropy production Spin????S?M??(Si?Se)?S2?S1?0.068kJ/(kg?K) The exergy destroyed Iin?T0Spin?300?0.068?20.3kJ/kg (5分)
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