英语句子成分及结构专题 - 图文

句子成分及基本结构 一、句子成分(Members of a Sentence) 英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”、“同位语”和“独立成分”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系，能用作独立成分的有：感叹词、呼语和插入语。 1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构有：①名词 ②代词③数词 ④名词化的形容词（如the rich）⑤不定式 ⑥动名词 ⑦主语从句等表示。例如：Tom is a clever boy.（专有名词人名作主语） 画出句子的主语，并说明其构成方式： ①During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. ②We often speak English in class. ③One-third of the students in this class are girls. ④To swim in the river is a great pleasure. ⑤Smoking does harm to the health. ⑥The rich should help the poor. ⑦When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. ⑧It is necessary to master a foreign language. ⑨That he isn’t at home is not true. 正确运用主语的各种形式 2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： （1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如： He practises running every morning.（动词practise作谓语） We usually listen to the music on weekends.（动词短语listen to作谓语） （2）复合谓语： ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 1 句子成分及基本结构 ②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。例如： We are students. Your idea sounds great. 画出句子的谓语，并说明其构成方式： ①My sister is crying over there. ②I have been waiting for you all the time. ③I would stay at home all day. 正确运用主语的各种形式 3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, stay, remain, seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, become, get, grow, go, turn, prove等）之后。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词 ②代词③数词 ④分词⑤不定式 ⑥动名词 ⑦介词短语⑧副词⑨表语从句等表示。例如：She is very beautiful.（形容词作表语） 画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式： ①Our teacher of English is an American. ②Is it yours? ③The weather has turned cold. ④The speech is exciting. ⑤Three times seven is twenty one. ⑥His job is to teach English. ⑦His hobbyis playing football. ⑧The machine must be under repair. ⑨The truth is that he has never been abroad. 正确运用主语的各种形式 4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词 ②代词③数词 ④名词化的分词⑤不定式 ⑥动名词⑦宾语从句等表示。例如： They went to see an exhibitionyesterday.（名词作动宾） 2 句子成分及基本结构 画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式： ①They planted many trees yesterday. ②-- How many dictionaries do you have? --I have five. ③They helped the old with their housework yesterday. ④I wanted to buy a car. ⑤He pretended not to see me. ⑥I enjoy listening to popular music. ⑦I think（that）he is fit for his office. 正确运用主语的各种形式 5.补语： （1）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词 ②形容词③可作表语的副词 ④不定式 ⑥分词⑦介词短语 ⑧从句等表示。例如： Disney called it Mickey Mouse.（专有名词作宾补） 画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式： ①His father named him Dongming. ②They painted their boat white. ③Let the fresh air in. ④You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. ⑤We saw her entering the room. ⑥We found everything in the lab in good order. ⑦We will soon make our city what your city is now. ⑧I want your homework done on time. 正确运用主语的各种形式 （2）主语补足语：对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。例如： He was elected monitor. 3 句子成分及基本结构 She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 6.定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“??的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①形容词 ②名词 ③代词 ④数词 ⑤副词 ⑥不定式 ⑦动名词 ⑧分词 ⑨介词短语 ⑩从句。例如： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词作定语） 在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。例如： ①形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。例如： The next man is a scientist.（下一个） ②副词用作定语一般要后置。例如： People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们) He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人） ③介词短语作定语时要后置。例如： The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩） ④现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。 I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话) The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩） The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 口头翻译下列句子，用下画线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明其构成方式 ①The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. ②The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. ③We need a place twice larger than this one. ④She carried a basket full of eggs. ⑤It’s a book worth no more than one dollar. ⑥It’s a city far from the coast. ⑦He has money enough to buy a car. ⑧The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑨There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. ⑩Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. 4 The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人） 句子成分及基本结构 ?A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. ?He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. ?There are many clothes to be washed. ?Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. ?Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team. ?Life here is really comfortable. ?Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. ?The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. ?China is a developing country; America is a developed country. ?He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 正确运用主语的各种形式 7.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。例如： He writes carefully. He walks slowly. （认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语） This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语） He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语） Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语） *一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如： He worked hard at his lessons last year. I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning. He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment. *频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置：位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。 You can never tell what he will do. He is always helping others. He is often late. He often came late. *语按意义分类：在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。 指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。 5