非限定动词基本知识点

2020-02-21 12:51

非限定动词(Non-finite verb)

一、定义:非限定动词在句中不可单独用作谓语,不受主语的人称和数的限制;它在句中可以用作其他句子成分。它包括三种:不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)、分词(participles)。 二、功能: 主语 表语 宾语 定语 状语 补语 同位语 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 否定 not加在to前面 √ 不定式 √ 动名词 √ 分词 三、形式: 不定式 主动语态 一般式 to do 被动语态 to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 动名词 主动语态 一般式 doing 被动语态 being done 否定 not加在v-ing完成式 having done having been done 前面 ☆ 现在分词的形式等于动名词,过去分词的形式即为动词的过去分词。

☆ 过去分词通常表示逻辑主语的动作已完成,或者与逻辑主语间是被动关系,如: Gone from home so long, they couldn’t recognize the place at all. (表示动作已完成) Some of them, born and brought up in villages, had never seen a train. (表示被动) 四、用法注意点: 1、不定式

①作宾补时,不带to的动词:感觉动词(feel,see,hear,watch,notice等)和使役动词(make,let,have),如:

We felt the house shake. I would have you know that I am ill. (不带to的不定式) ☆ find与help之后,不定式可带to可不带to。 ②“for+名(代)词+不定式”结构,如:

For a child to do that job isn’t suitable. It’s time for us to go. ☆ 在adj. + for sb. to do sth.和adj. + of sb. to sth.结构中,当形容词表示客观意义时,用for,如difficult,easy,impossible,important,hard等;当形容词表示主观意义时,用of,如nice, kind, good, bad, honest, stupid, silly, clever等。比较下面两个句子: It’s kind of you to say so. It’s easy for you to say so. ③“疑问词+不定式”结构:疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how后加不定式可构成一种特殊短语,在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语等。如:

When to start has not been decided.(主语) I don’t know what to do.(宾语)

He didn’t know whether to go there or not.(宾语) The question was where to go.(表语)

④在but, except之前如有动词do,其后的不定式不用to;若之前的动词不是do,则不定式带to。比较:

We now have nothing to do but/except wait. We now have no choice but/except to wait. ⑤疑问词why引导的省略句的不定式在当代英语中一般必须省去to,如: Why talk so much about it? Why not try it again? 2、动名词

①在it is + no use/ no good/ fun后面加v-ing。 如:

It is no use crying. It is no good asking him for help. It’s great fun sailing a boat.

②在下列动词后面,只用v-ing形式:admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish,

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imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest, give up等。 在下列动词后面,常接不定式:agree, ask, claim, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等。 既可接不定式又可接动名词的动词:begin, continue, endure, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, neglect, prefer, regret, remember, start, try, want等。 ☆ 注意接不定式和动名词,意义不同的动词,如:try, regret, mean, forget, stop, go on, remember, can’t help等。

③介词+动名词结构,如:succeed in doing sth. , believe in doing sth. , object to doing sth. , insist on doing sth. , think of doing sth. , worry about doing sth. , accuse sb. of doing sth. , devote…to doing sth. , pay attention to doing sth. , prevent sb. from doing sth. , agree on doing sth. , aim at doing sth. , aware of doing sth. , busy in doing sth. , capable of doing sth. , equal to doing sth. , fond of doing sth. , guilty of doing sth.等。

④有些时候,动名词以主动态表示被动意思。如: Our classroom needs cleaning. = needs to be cleaned. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well. 3、现在分词

①现在分词用作状语时,可置于句首,也可置于句末。如: He went out shutting the door behind him. Seeing that it was raining, Tom took his umbrella. ②有些现在分词用来表示说话人对所说的话的一种态度,它们已变成固定词组,可以看作一种句子的独立成分。如:

generally speaking 一般来说 judging from… 从?来判断 talking of … 说到? allowing for … 考虑到? considering… 考虑到? counting… 算上? supposing… 假定?

③现在分词的形式等于动名词,但作定语时,现在分词表示其所修饰的名词的动作,即,现在分词与其所修饰的名词在逻辑上具有主谓关系。动名词则表示其修饰的名词的性质,二者逻辑上无主谓关系。如:a sleeping child(现在分词)和a sleeping car(动名词)的区别。 4、过去分词

①一般来说,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义。如: A young man writing novels died yesterday. The novel written by him is quite popular with teenagers. ②现在分词所表示的动作尚未完成,过去分词所表示的动作则多已完成。如:developing countries(发展中国家)和developed countries(发达国家)。

③过去分词与现在分词的被动态有时意义相同,但有时有区别。如:

I saw the laptop being connected to the net. (我看到那台笔记本正被连入网络。) I saw the laptop connected to the net. (我看到那台笔记本被连入了网络。)

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