New Trend for Intellectual Property 知识产权新动向
The technology industry is at war over intellectual property. On May 7th the first round of a three-part fight between Oracle and Google over patentand copyright claims relating to the Java programming language ended in a decision that denied outright victory to either firm. Apple, Samsung and others are fighting over smartphone patents. Facebook and Yahoo! compete intensely for internet patents. Accusations abound that innovation is taking a back seat to lawsuit. Only the lawyers are smiling.
科技产业就知识产权的问题一直纷争不断。5月7日，甲骨文和谷歌就与编程语言Java相关的专利和版权声明进行了多回合的首轮较量，结果双方铩羽而归。苹果、三星及其他厂商在智能手机的专利权问题上拼得焦头烂额。脸谱网和雅虎也因互联网专利闹得很不愉快。官司铺天盖地，逼得创新给诉讼让位。唯独律师喜笑颜开。
All of which makes this a good time to launch a new approach to trading intellectual property, says Gerard Pannekoek, the boss of IPXI, a newfinancial exchange that lets companies buy, sell and hedge patent rights, just like any other asset. The idea is to offer a patent or group of patents as “unit license rights” (ULRs), which can be bought and sold like shares. A ULR grants a one-time right to use a particular technology in a single product: a new type of airbag sensor in a car, say. If a company wants to use the technology in 100,000 cars, it buys 100,000 ULRs at the market price. ULRs are also expected to be traded on secondary markets. （黄色部分如何理解，可以借用后句的解释，这是一种很重要的理解能力）
国际知识产权交易所公司（IPXI）联席主席拉德?潘涅库克如是说到：这些纷争为知识产权交易创造了良机，这种新型金融交易像处置资产一样，可以让公司购买、出售并保有专利权。该公司的构想是提供单个专利或打包成授权的专利组合，这些专利可以像股份一样买卖。一个授权专利组合允许在单件产品上一次性使用某个技术：这就是说，一个新式的安全气囊传感器仅能用于一辆轿车。若一家公司想在十万量轿车上都应用该技术，它就得按市场价购进同等数量的技术许可。授权的专利组合也可在二级市场上交易。 This is simpler, faster and cheaper than the lawyer-intensive process of
negotiating bilateral licenses for intellectual property, the high cost of whichdiscriminates against small companies, leaves patents unused on the shelf and hampers innovation. IPXI’s approach does not work for all types of intellectual property—it does not allow exclusive licensing, for example—but should make it easier for companies to make money from their inventions. “It’s a great form of stock value decline for start-ups,” suggests Mr. Pannekoek.
这种办法要比采用律师密集型的双边专利授权协商交易知识产权来的更快，也更简单、更廉价。司法协商费用高昂，对小企业不公，也会让专利束之高阁，从而有碍创新。然而，国际知识产权交易所公司的这种专利交易方式并不适用于所有类型的知识产权——打个比
方来说，它就不允许独家授权——但这种方式让企业通过发明创造来获利更加容易。“对刚上市的公司来说，这种筹款方式能够很好地规避股权收益的减损。”潘涅库克先生这样表示。 The exchange has signed up 30 members including Philips, an electronics giant, and several universities and research laboratories. IPXI was set up in 2008 by Ocean Tomo, a merchant bank that specializes in intellectual property, and its investors include CBOE Holdings, the parent company of the Chicago Board Options Exchange. On May 4th IPXI published the rulebook that governs how the exchange will work, and it expects to open for business later this year. Its novel approach is ideal for the open, non-exclusive licensing of smartphone-related patents, says Ruud Peters, chief intellectual-property officer at Philips. Good news for innovators, perhaps, but bad news for lawyers?
目前该交易所公司的加盟成员已达30个，其中不乏电子巨头飞利浦，此外，数所大学和研究实验室也投身其中。国际知识产权交易所公司由Ocean Tomo于2008年组建，后者是一家专业服务于知识产权领域的商业银行，芝加哥期权交易所的母公司芝加哥期权交易控股集团（CBOE Holdings）是该银行的投资方之一。5月4日，国际知识产权交易所公司公布了一份规范，用以指导产权买卖，以期于今年晚些时候开放交易。飞利浦的首席知识产权官路德?彼得斯称这一新举措将不断开放与智能手机相关的专利、进一步破除独家授权，形势一片大好。对发明家们来说，这或许是个利好消息，可对那些律师来讲呢？
外刊时文---The science of conducting 指挥之道
The science of conducting 指挥之道
*本文的一些专业术语可以不做记忆，只需要了解文章的写作思路
Do orchestral conductors do anything useful? Alessandro D’Ausilio of the Italian Institute of Technology, in Genoa, and his colleagues tried to answer that eternal question in a study published in the Public Library of Science.
交响乐团的指挥有用吗？位于热那亚的意大利工程学院（Italian Institute of Technology, in Genoa）的亚力山德罗?道斯里奥（Alessandro D’Ausilio）和他的同事在《科学公共图书馆》（Public Library of Science.）上发表的一篇研究报告中试图回答这一永恒的问题。
Determining a conductor’s influence is tricky. Does a “good” conductor wangle bravura performances from his players, or simply preside overa self-organizing virtuoso ensemble? To
find out, Dr D’Ausilio watched two anonymous conductors leading five excerpts from Mozart’s symphonynumber 40 played by eight violinists from the Città di Ferrara orchestra.
很难确定一位指挥的影响。“优秀”指挥是因势利导，把他手下演奏者令人赞叹的表演技巧压榨出来，还是仅仅在主持一场高度自治的音乐大师组合的表演？为找出答案，道斯里奥博士观看了两位未说姓名的指挥的表演，他们依次指挥Città di Ferrara管弦乐团的八位小提琴手演奏莫扎特第40交响曲的五个片断。
Each violinist had an infra-red reflector attached to the tip of his bow, and the conductors had them attached to their batons. Dr D’Ausilio and his team were thus able to follow the movements of both bows and batons by bathing their little orchestra in infra-red light, which their cameras could see, but human beings cannot. They then used the movements of the reflectors to analyze who was affecting whom.
每位小提琴手的弓端都附着了一个红外反射器，这些反射器又与指挥的指挥棒相连。这样，在向这个小型交响乐队投射红外光之后，道斯里奥博士及其团队就可以跟踪弓和指挥棒的运动。他们的摄像机可以看到红外光，但人类肉眼看不到。然后他们便可通过反射器的运动来分析是谁影响了谁。
To do this, Dr D’Ausilio employed a mathematical trick called the Granger causality test, which makes it possible to determine how onesequence of data points affects another. The movements of a violinist’s bow—and the waving of a baton—are just such sequences of data. 为此，道斯里奥博士运用了一种叫做格兰杰因果关系检验（Granger causality test）的数学技巧，它可以确定一个数据点系列是如何影响另一系列的。而小提琴弓的动作与指挥棒的挥动恰好就是这样两个数据点系列。
Ten experienced classical musicians marked each performance on eight measures, including melody, tempo and emotional content, on a scalefrom 0 to 100. The panel judged both performances of three of the excerpts more or less equal in quality. They were also, it turned out, evenly matched when it came to the two conductors’ assertiveness (as measured by the correlation between the accelerations of his baton and those of the violinists’ bows) and the players’ proclivity to take cues from each other (as gauged by the correlations between the different bows).
十位经验丰富的经典音乐家按照包括旋律、节拍和情感内容等8条标准依0–100分为每场表演评分。裁判组认定，在两位指挥的带领下，有三个片断的演出在伯仲之间。分析结果表明，两位指挥的决断力（以指挥的指挥棒的加速度与小提琴弓的加速度间的相互关系来检测）和小提琴手相互间的配合默契（通过不同弓之间运动情况的相互关系来检测）也不相上下。
The remaining two excerpts are where things got interesting. There, the judges preferred one performance to the other. In the first excerpt, one conductor’s assertiveness went hand in hand with a dip in the violinists’ mutual dependence, compared with the second rendition, where that dependence was high and the conductor’s assertiveness low. The first conductor, it seems, could impose his will on the musicians, where the second could not.
人们的兴趣集中在其他两个片断的演出情况上；裁判组认为这些表演存在高下之分。在一个片断的表演中，一位指挥的决断力增加与琴手间的配合默契下降同步发生；与此相比，在小提琴手间的配合默契出现高潮时，另一位指挥的决断力降低。似乎可以说，第一位指挥能够对琴手施加影响，而第二位指挥则不能。
Crucially, the judges rated the dictatorial performance more highly of the two. In the other excerpt, the despotic conductor was just as assertive, but the violinists seemed to pay as much attention to themselves as they did to him. This led to a performance that the panel liked less than the one under the meeker conductor, who exercised little influence over his players.
关键的是，裁判组认为，演出在更为专横的指挥带领下水平较高。而在最后一个片断的演出中，那位比较专横的指挥表现出了同样的决断力，但琴手们似乎我行我素，没有对他的指挥给以更多的关注。裁判组认为，出现这种情况后的表演不如在较温和的指挥带领下的表演，他没有对手下的琴手施加多少影响。
The findings are in harmony with what conductors knew all along: that baton-toting despots, like the late Herbert von Karajan, do add value—but only if they rein in the uppity musicians in front of them.
这些发现与指挥们一直知道的情况吻合：像已故的赫伯特?冯?卡拉扬（Herbert von Karajan）一类独裁指挥确实能提高演出质量，但前提是他们能够驾驭手下那些桀骜不驯的乐师。
外刊时文---A History of Diet 节食的历史
A History of Diet 节食的历史
After the binge of the holidays, many stumble into January with a hangover, some fragile resolutions and a desire to shed a few pounds. Alas, few will benefit from rigid calorie-counting or cabbage-soup slurping. In a recent study of 31 long-term diet plans, the American Psychological Association found that up to two-thirds of participants ended up heavier than before they started.
Some diets are more sensible than others, but anyregimen that promises swift and dramatic
results will doom most followers to failure. Weight-loss pills and surgery are similarly ineffective—and sometimes dangerous—over time. Yet girth-management is big business, full of
charismatic hucksters and fake science, earning $40 billion a year in America alone.
在假日的狂欢之后，许多人宿醉，下着不坚定的决心，立志要减去数磅体重，在跌跌撞撞中进入了一月。哎呀，少有人会得益于严格计算卡路里饮食或是食用卷心菜汤所带来的好处。最近有一项关于31个长期节食计划的研究，美国心理协会发现有超过三分之二的参与者在结束计划时比他们开始时还要重。一些饮食计划明显比其他的要有效果，但是任何承诺快速有效的养生方法都注定让它的实践者们失败。减肥药片和手术经过时间的验证，同样效果不佳——有时甚至很危险。然而，腰围管理仍然是一件大事，这里充满着有推销能力的商家和伪科学，每年就仅仅在美国就可以挣得400亿美元。
“The diet industry is all about exploitation and profit,” writes Louise Foxcroft in “Calories and Corsets”, her slim new book about the history of dieting. Less a banquet than a tasting menu (the tone is breezy, opinionated and occasionally rushed), she chronicles more than 2,000 years of movers, shakers and tummy-tuckers, highlighting both the wise and the wacky.
“节食产业几乎只有开发和盈利” Louise Foxcroft在《卡路里和束束身衣》一书中写道，她薄薄的新书描述了节食的历史。她的书与其说是一场盛宴，不如说是一本激起人食欲的菜单（整本书语调轻松，观点明确，有时有些咄咄逼人），Foxcroft按时间顺序，编写了2000多年来的行动者, 有影响的人物和减肥人士, 既写聪明人，也记叙古怪的人。
The word diet comes from the Greek diaita, an approach to health that linked the
mental with the physical. Classical physicians saw being too fat or thin as a sign of an imbalance. Man “cannot live healthily on food without a certain amount of exercise”, observed Hippocrates, who believed in breakfast, long walks and prudent vomiting. Philosophers such as Socrates saw a relationship between food and ethics, as a taste for luxury often leads to greed and unjust behavior. “diet”节食这个单词来源于希腊语“diata”, 意思是使身体和心灵都健康的方法。传统的医师认为太胖或者太瘦都是不平衡的标志。人类“依靠食物健康地生存必须要有定量的运动” 希波克拉底得出这个结论，他崇尚早餐，长距离的行走和适当呕吐。哲学家如苏格拉底发现了食物和道德之间的关系，因为吃大餐通常会导致人的贪婪和不公平行为。
Unlike the other deadly sins, gluttony is visible and so is often judged harshly, as if heft were always evidence of indulgence or laziness. (The link between genetics and metabolism was not discovered until the 20th century.) In particularly hard times such as the two world wars, fat people were seen as traitors. Greater access to food and a rising stigma against podge helped inspire the fashion for corsets in the 17th century, which caused overlapping ribs, bad breath and the occasional death. When it comes to diets, women occupy a perversely central place, argues Ms Foxcroft. They are condemned for their gluttony, criticized for their vanity, manipulated for their insecurity and also blamed for the flab on their husbands and children.
不同于其他致命的罪恶，暴饮暴食是显而易见的，因此常招致严厉的批评，似乎重量就是放肆纵容和懒惰的证据（直到20世纪，遗传学和新陈代谢之间的联系才被发现）尤其是在艰难时期如两次世界大战，肥胖的人往往被视为是叛徒。17世纪，人们可以吃到更多的食物，对于矮胖之人的羞辱也与日俱增，这一切引发了束身衣的流行。束身衣可以致使人